The Universal Lessons of Oedipus the King Essay Example

The Universal Lessons of Oedipus the King Paper The Universal Lessons of Oedipus the King Oedipus the King is an emotional story of an incredible ruler brought somewhere around â€Å"fate† and the fate of the divine beings. It is an account of conflict over occasions that were out of one’s control yet basically dealt with such that lone created additional pulverization and despair. There are numerous all inclusive exercises to be learned by Oedipus and his shocking story; exercises that each man today could profit by, for example, the destructions of pomposity and narrow-mindedness, the grave missteps in being critical and hypocritical, and the repercussions of rushing to act without adequate information. Presently, I am here. I will start the inquiry once more, I will uncover reality, uncover everything, let everything be seen† (160-163). This line verbally expressed by Oedipus close to the beginning of the play obviously exhibits his propensities toward egotism and discourteousness. He brags of his capacities above others past and states how he will come to discover reality when they proved unable. He proceeds to uncover that he is doing so for the most part for narrow minded reasons. â€Å"Justice and retaliation are what I need. [†¦] Family, friendsâ€I won’t free myself of this stain, this infection, for themâ€they’re a long way from here. I’ll do it for myself, for me† (165, 167-169). Oedipus permits his egotistical self image to hinder him here. The individuals are needing assistance and he professes to be the one in particular who can give it. He assumes control over issues and concludes that for his own brilliance he will find the privileged insights of the past and lives before his appearance in Thebes. He at that point uncovers that he is doing so for the most part for his own advantage. I think he substantiates himself haughty in his professes to have the option to reveal reality and such activities and disposition end up being met with disagreeable closures. We will compose a custom paper test on The Universal Lessons of Oedipus the King explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Universal Lessons of Oedipus the King explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Universal Lessons of Oedipus the King explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer After Oedipus makes these intense cases that he and only he can reveal the guilty party he looks for, he accumulates his missteps by rushing to pass judgment. He declares his obvious honesty and rapidly condemns whosoever is the liable party. â€Å"I think nothing about the homicide, I was separated from everyone else, how might I have followed the executioner, without a sign, I came to Thebes after the wrongdoing was finished. [†¦] these words originate from and blameless man. One of you realizes who executed Laios (294-296, 298-299). After rapidly reporting his own honesty, Oedipus proceeds to denounce the blameworthy. My capacity is outright in Thebes, my standard reaches all over the place, my words will drive the liable man, the man who knows, out of this city, away from Thebes, for eternity. [†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦] Drive him from your homes. Let him have no home, nothing. No words, no food, cover, warmth of hand, shared love. Let him have nothing. Drive him out, let him kick the bucket. He is our ailment. [†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ] let my contempt wear out his life, disdain, consistently. Make him an ash of affliction. Make all his bliss remains (313-315, 324-327, and 335-338). Oedipus openly offers these expressions, presumptuously banishing the offender, at the same time unconsciously denouncing himself. When he expresses his capacity to be the main friend in need of Thebes and vows to remove the â€Å"disease† of the city, Oedipus wraps himself excessively far up in his own proud journey that he can't see when other are attempting to kill him his way of implosion. Teiresias cautions Oedipus that his compatibility of the past will just bring him distress yet he disregards these alerts, constraining Teiresias to talk. â€Å"Stubborn old moron, you’d drive a stone mad! Mention to me what you know! Let's assume it! † (449-450). Jocasta, his significant other, even asks Oedipus to leave these interests once she learns the tragedy of reality and Oedipus disregards her too. JOCASTA. Oedipus, you should stop. I ask youâ€stop! OEDIPUS. Nothing can stop me now. I should know it all. Everything! JOCASTA. I beg you, Oedipus. To your benefit. OEDIPUS. Damn my own great! (1329-1334) Oedipus does precisely that. He damns his own great by being surpassed by his narrow minded self-importance, pompous judgment, and his brisk activity in obliviousness. Oedipus ends up being the killer he looks for. He unconsciously is the â€Å"disease† he talks about removing from the city. These occasions meet up to fortify age-old life exercises. One ought to never loll in his own capacities and be bombastic of his abilities, but instead be unassuming and persevering towards any achievement. One ought not rush to pass judgment on others when they are uninformed of the realities. This likewise mirrors the expression, â€Å"people in glass houses shouldn’t toss stones. † Oedipus was unconsciously living in a monster glass house that unavoidably came slamming down on him. He ridiculed the visually impaired Teiresias, just to wind up daze himself at long last. He criticized his own name by defaming that of a guilty party he searched out. He denounced his own life by censuring another. He didn’t notice the guidance of others however rather pushed on his own childish way to what unwittingly prompted his death. The exercises of Oedipus are genuinely general. What one wishes to get, one should give. Individuals should act with empathy and understanding and make certain to have the real factors before making decisions. Self-centeredness will just prompt depression and misery. At long last, however Oedipus’ story is more emotional than most cutting edge circumstances, one could wind up precisely equivalent to he on the off chance that they don't notice these exercises. Nothing, nothing remains of me nowâ€no city with its high dividers, no sparkling sculptures of the divine beings. I took every one of these things from myselfâ€I, Oedipus, fallen lower than any man currently, brought into the world nobler than the best. Brought into the world the ruler of Thebes! Reviled with my own condemnations, I told Thebes to drive out an executioner. I exiled the regal child of Laios, the man the divine beings uncovered is recolored with the terrible stain. The mystery stain that I myself uncovered is my stain. Furthermore, presently, uncovered finally, how would I be able to ever look at men without flinching? Never. Never.

Innovation And Entrepreneurship

Question: Examine about theInnovation And Entrepreneurship. Answer: Presentation Advancement alludes to the way toward changing over a one of a kind thought or innovation into an assistance or an item that is of incentive to clients who are eager to pay for it. While thoughts are many, for them to meet all requirements to turn into a creation, they should be replicable at a prudent worth that having the option to fulfill the particular needs of the end clients (Pisano, 2015). Steady advances of innovation brings about developmental advancements. This is in direct difference to progressive developments that are problematic and sudden in nature (Corona-Trevino, 2016). We can along these lines reason that while development prompts benefits; it is additionally interchangeable with chance taking. An inside and out comprehension of the end client, his needs and the capacity to fulfill these necessities are characteristic for fruitful development. Requirement For Innovation Tragically, regardless of the tremendous speculations of endeavors, time and cash, numerous associations can't profit by the open doors that are introduced to them (Pisano, 2015). Development is fundamental to molding the accomplishment of any new pursuit. Nonetheless, the imaginative procedures should be overseen in a legitimate way all together for the association to receive the rewards of the procedure. We can see a few intriguing instances of development that caught the psyches of customers and lead to a noteworthy lift to the benefit of the association. This incorporates the presentation of ATMs by Citibank; the Walkman from Sony; the presentation of outspread tires by Michelin and even the presentation of content processors that have added to the death of the unassuming typewriter. Then again all uncertain issues are lost open doors for associations which will in general endure money related misfortunes because of the failure to gain by the open door introduced to them. The ver y idea of open development targets making inflows just as surges of information in order to start and add to inward advancement (Corona-Trevino, 2016). Connection Between Innovation and Entrepreneurship A mix of advancement, expert liveliness and hazard taking are vital for any business to commence (Pisano, 2015). Alternately, enterprise might be characterized as the eagerness of an association to help chance while empowering innovativeness and being adaptable. This procedure guarantees the reestablishment of the association. While there are numerous who contend that any change that happens remotely requires an inward change simply on the grounds that it demands the associations change to guarantee its endurance. Obviously, effective organizations will in general start changes in innovation or showcasing; yet additionally in the association overall in light of changes in the outer condition (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, Bausch, 2011). The accentuation here is on proactive, creative methodologies that incorporate a component of hazard taking for the association (Pisano, 2015). We can, truth be told, express that corporate business enterprise is known to add to the endurance of the firm an d its reliable exhibition (Barringer Bluedorn, 1999). Advancement is known to positively affect the presentation of all associations engaged with the procedure including SMEs (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, Bausch, 2011). Distinguishing Niches, Target Audiences and Innovation Advancement is tied in with recognizing the requirements of or making needs in end purchasers. At the end of the day, we can say that need is the single segment that drives development across businesses. The need might be through the ID of customers needs (request pull approach) or the making of a need in the market (a gracefully push approach). For example the presentation of ATM cards can be viewed as a flexibly push approach, while the presentation of the word processor might be named an interest pull approach. The key component to be concerned is that business visionaries will in general contend that the thought being talked about is special and offers a completive edge over their adversaries (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, Bausch, 2011). Littler enterprises can gain by their favorable circumstances of fast usage and inventive practices to represent a danger to bigger and progressively settled firms (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, Bausch, 2011). Creative Entrepreneuership and Differential Thinking We a see that creative business people will in general think and respond distinctively when contrasted with their companions who are more laidback. Some the key characteristics that recognize inventive business people are (Bessant Todd, 2007) The capacity to recognize potential developments in front of their friends Being apathetic as it furnishes motivation to finish an assignment with lesser endeavors and higher proficiency Consistent note takers who will in general scribble down moment subtleties The capacity to find some kind of harmony among flawlessness and practice Channelize dread to accomplish advancement Appreciate troublesome just as transformative advancement Are multi-faceted and ready to thoroughly consider of the container In this manner, business visionaries are self-spurred and want to continually improve procedures and merchandise (Huszar, Pronay, Buzas, 2016). Truth be told, it is exact to express that fruitful developments abuse change to support the concerned people. It is basic that associations are prepared to forsake the recognizable and grasp change for the accomplishment of the business enterprise. Developing Technologies andEntrepreneuership Efficient advancement includes a composed and intentional way to deal with changes, which we couple with a precise investigation of the effect of these progressions on the economy and society. We can unmistakably observe that development is natural for financial development (Corona-Trevino, 2016). As it were, the presentation of creative items and administrations, through imaginative advancements are basic for the proceeded with development of any association (Arafeh, 2016). Hence the seeds of development are required for associations to benefit from them in order to create benefits for the association in general (Pisano, 2015). Be that as it may, while advancement is basic for innovation based associations, it's anything but an assurance for progress (Martin, 1994). The budgetary limitations and the worldwide financial powers have added to the requirement for development based firms in the present monetary circumstance. Development begins with a procedure that cuts over all offices and chain of command levels in an association (Pisano, 2015). It can likewise be contended that advancement and execution are firmly connected with one another (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, Bausch, 2011). We in this way watch the presence of two prevalent ways to deal with the way where developing advances sway business enterprise, viz., the gracefully push approach d the interest pull approach. While the gracefully push approach is a progressively forceful methodology; the interest pull approach will in general be increasingly proactive. As the names propose, the interest pull approach is distinguishing a need among the end shoppers and having the option to oblige them however the usage f a rising innovation. A flexibly push approach anyway implies seeing an item that is found as financially feasible and afterward making market for a similar utilizing forceful promoting innovations. This will in general include an increasingly forceful advertising exertion for making he requirement for item or administration rather than the previous methodology of just taking into account a current interest (Pisano, 2015). Steps in Creatung and Implementing an Innovative Strategy Advancement should be conceptualized inside his association (Corona-Trevino, 2016). We have distinguished four stages in making and keeping up an inventive technique. The initial step is distinguishing the requirement for development in order to make an incentive for client and the organization. The subsequent advance includes the formation of a key arrangement for asset allotment so as to energize development and imaginative reasoning. The third step is an increasingly monetary related activity and is worried about making exchange off between the requirements of the buyer and the organization. This progression includes a lot of client inclusion. The last advance is the need to perceive and recognize those methodologies that need to develop to keep on being inventive for the customer and the organization, subsequently producing benefits for the association an entire (Pisano, 2015). The methodology features the requirement for basic activities like being set up for possibilities, giving new bits of knowledge into the procedure, and affecting the presentation of the people associated with the development (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, Bausch, 2011). The inquiry that is constantly looked by business visionaries is the degree to which business visionaries need be worried about the effect of advancement on existing procedures just as the requirement for inner development in the association. We can see that while there keeps on being a consistent deluge of youthful daring individuals taking a gander at a difficult existing procedures, development that is both efficient just as suitable is required for the accomplishment of the association (Zimmerer Scarborough, 2008). End All associations that work across fringes will in general be overpowered by the culturally diverse condition wherein they work. They will in general be presented to intriguing difficulties, openings and dangers that have no point of reference. The current day business person isn't just worried about benefits, but on the other hand is enthused about adding to society. Along these lines, we presently observe another variety of inventive business visionaries who take a gander at development as a methods for adding to society when all is said in done when contrasted with the unfathomably extraordinary nature of their partners around 10 years back. Advancement is consequently an instrument to misuse change, which we can accomplish however a taught approach. Development has subsequently advanced as an adjustment of the evolving industry, and monetary condition. We can in this way securely reason that the life span of an endeavor is reliant fair and square of development it is eager to gras p. References Arafeh, L. (2016). An

Writing Essay Topics For IELTS

Writing Essay Topics For IELTSWriting essay topics for IELTS is a very important skill in the modern world. It is often said that, as a person ages, their skills will begin to weaken and they may struggle with foreign language skills. In an interview to a prospective employer I was asked why I would want to do such a difficult task.Writing an essay is an art in itself and I knew I had to put my best foot forward. What made me realise how important the topic of the essay was, was when I arrived for the interview and presented myself as competent in English language skills. As I have to prepare for the IELTS material for a future test, it is vital to do so in a way that will stand out from all others. I have found that by finding the right subject matter for my topic, I am able to remain focused on delivering the highest quality product possible.IELTS is a test which is given to candidates who are preparing for either their advanced level degree or for their first qualifications. It is the most challenging and will take the best student to achieve the minimum result.The most essential aspects of writing subject topics for IELTS include not only the introduction but also the body of the document. There are many different types of subject material available in various subjects. Therefore, when choosing your subject it is vital to select the subject that you find most interesting, but also that is relevant to your subject. This can be difficult at times, especially if you have spent many years studying a particular subject and its associated literature.When composing your IELTS document, you must create an outline of what the essay should be about and decide whether you will use specific examples from the chosen literature. In addition, you must decide how you are going to organize your material, such as will it be by sections or chapters?By using these two tips, you are well on your way to writing essays for IELTS that will impress both potential employers and univ ersity tutors. When it comes to essay topics for IELTS there are a number of ways you can choose to structure your text.The most popular of these different ways is the method of combining the three main writing systems, narrative, argumentative and the combination of quotations and other types of analysis. This is the approach most of the top exam takers take to prepare for their tests.

Criminal Justice Act 2003 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2892 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Criminal Justice Act 2003 ‘Parliaments purpose in the legislation, as we divine it from the terms of the Act, was to assist in the evidence based conviction of the guilty, without putting those who are not guilty at risk of conviction by prejudice (R v Hanson [2005] 2 Cr App R 21, Rose LJ at [4]). In light of the above statement, evaluate the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, and the relevant case law under the Act, relating to attack on anothers character. Sections 98 to 113 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (CJA) represent a significant change from the accepted common law approach to the methods by which bad character evidence could be introduced in the course of criminal trial proceedings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Criminal Justice Act 2003" essay for you Create order Notwithstanding the criticisms directed against the legislation from various quarters, an objective appraisal of the provisions themselves and the judicial interpretations provided since the passage of the CJA confirms that to a large degree, the observations of Rose LJ noted in the title as to Parliaments purpose are accurate. As importantly, the evidentiary regime established in the CJA strikes a fair and fundamental balance between the principles of reasonable doubt, the right of the defendant to make full answer and defence to a criminal charge, and the societal interest in the effective prosecution of crime. This paper commences with an overview of the most important changes to the previous law concerning bad character that are now established by the CJA. The procedure contemplated by the joint effect of the CJA provisions and the Criminal Procedure Rules (CPR) is also considered and evaluated. The paper then provides an examination of the principles that support the ad missibility of bad character evidence concerning defendant and non-defendant witnesses, with the seven specific ‘gateways for such evidence as defined by the CJA given specific consideration. The cases decided since 2004 and relevant academic commentaries are also highlighted. There are three particular aspects to the CJA regime that guide the present analysis and require specific attention in this regard. These are: The abolition of the common law rules that previously governed such admissibility as well as the prior rules provided in the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 concerning the cross-examination of defendants as to character Evidence of bad character concerning a non-defendant is admissible by leave of the court on specific grounds Evidence of the defendants bad character is generally admissible on a wider range of prospective trial issues, by virtue of the seven specific ‘gateways established by the CJA There is no question that the Criminal Justice Act 2003, Part 11 represents a fundamental alteration of prior English law concerning the general admissibility of bad character evidence. Placed in an admittedly restricted nutshell, the prior law confirmed that the prosecution could not adduce evidence of the defendants bad character (other than evidence concerning the offence charged or offences against the administration of justice committed in relation to the offence charged). The prosecution was also prohibited from leading evidence of the defendants propensity to commit criminal acts even if relevant to the charge. In this way, the previous bad character evidence rules were an exception to the general rule that all relevant evidence is admissible in a criminal trial. The traditional caveat advanced in this respect that justified the exclusion of evidence of bad character was that it is often irrelevant to the proof of a defendants guilt; insofar as it is relevant, its prej udicial effect outweighs its probative value. The reworking of the law in the CJA commences with the definition of bad character provided at s.98 and s.112. There are two specific ingredients in the definition. Bad character evidence may include any evidence of misconduct or a â€Å"disposition† towards misconduct; it may also include misconduct established through evidence of the â€Å"†¦commission of an offence or other reprehensible conduct†. Subject to special procedures that governed the admissibility of ‘similar fact evidence that also may have provided the basis for bad character evidence to be admitted against a defendant, the case law that has subsequently interpreted the admittedly broad expressions ‘misconduct and ‘reprehensible conduct as employed in the CJA has given each phrase a sensible meaning. If the entire purpose of criminal evidence rules may be summarised as achieving the balance between private rights to full def ence and the interest of the state as contended in the papers opening paragraph, the case law achieves this purpose. In Weir, the Court of Appeal determined that the propensity to commit crime on the part of an accused could be proven with reference to the defendants commission of other crimes, but the prosecution could establish propensity by other means. The ‘other means were fleshed out in the other case law, including Renda, where the Court ruled that a prosecution witness may be cross-examined about incidents of misconduct known to the defendant which had never themselves been the subject of a criminal charge. It is contended that a greater breadth afforded judicial discretion to admit bad character does not improperly impair the defence so much as it ensures a greater range of relevant evidence may be considered by the court. This discretion is placed within a procedural construct that has proven useful in the relatively brief life of the CJA provisions. The pr osecution is required to provide the defendant a minimum of 14 days notice of its intention to introduce bad character evidence at trial; the defendant has the opportunity to object prior to the tendering of the proposed evidence and a ruling will be obtained accordingly. The procedure applies to bad character evidence proposed by the prosecution and such evidence a defendant proposes to call with respect to a co-defendant. These rules achieve two important results not necessarily guaranteed under the former regime where applications of this nature were regularly permitted to be made by trail judges within the trial proper. The defence will not be surprised or in any way caught unawares by the prosecution application to rely on bad character evidence. In a system of justice that historically exhibited reluctance to provide full disclosure of the entire case relied upon by the prosecution in advance of trial, this Rule is a very positive development that promotes the overarc hing principle of procedural fairness. The secondary benefit achieved through this procedure is a more focused trial. Jurors and witnesses ought to expect that they shall attend a proceeding that will not be diverted from the orderly calling of evidence by virtue of unexpected motions brought to resolve questions of admissibility that can be resolved efficiently at the pre-trial application stage. Further, the notice provisions provided in the CJA and the Rules of Criminal Procedure permit all parties to make appropriate enquiries in advance of trial concerning the intended evidence. In this important sense, the relevance of the evidence can be buttressed or challenged in a thorough and effective way where appropriate. The distinction in the treatment of bad character evidence that pertains to non-defendants and defendants is confirmed in s. 100 CJA. It is important to note that the often problematic evidentiary rules concerning the cross-examination of a sexual assault complainant are excluded from the operation of the CJA in this respect. It is contended that this exception is the one significant difficulty revealed by the revisions. The special provisions that were enacted to govern the admissibility of prior sexual history evidence have attracted significant attention. For example, there is a legitimate need to ensure that a defendant in a sexual offence prosecution is not permitted to equate the fact that a woman did not make complaint concerning his conduct at an earlier time with the conclusion that the present complaint must be false. Criminal trials should not be determined on the basis of ‘rape myths or stereotypical notions of how a rape victim ought to behave. However, it would be preferable that all criminal evidence be evaluated using the same criteria. The CJA framework is entirely suited to prevent the introduction of such evidence when the ‘gateway principles are applied; special consideration for specific offenc es undermines the cohesiveness of the law. In all other respects, the language used in s. 100 section provides the clearest possible demarcation between the permitted approaches to the tendering of non-defendant bad character evidence. Only where the proposed evidence is important explanatory evidence, or where the evidence is directed to an issue in the proceedings and it is of substantial importance to the presentation of the case as a whole may it be admitted. The section provides amplification on the definition of the phrase ‘important explanatory evidence as evidence without which the jury would find the case difficult or impossible to understand (all emphasis added). A semantic criticism may be made that the use of ‘difficult and ‘impossible in the same definitional expression is clumsy and may lead to inconsistency given the different each term provides as a condition precedent to admissibility. However, the underlying philosophy inherent in the s ection is sound. Bad character evidence that relates to non-defendants ought to be pre-screened by the trial judge to ensure its relevance and to give greater assurance that the trial process is not distracted from the consideration of important evidence. The subsequent case law has properly limited ‘misconduct evidence to exclude an arrest on a criminal charge; the section imposes a higher test with respect to the introduction of a non-defendants bad character than does the test for the introduction of a defendants bad character. Prospective bad character evidence concerning a defendant is potentially admissible through one or more of the seven procedural ‘gateways established in s. 101 (1) CJA. Each provision has a valid trial fairness objective; for example, bad character admitted on consent, or such evidence led to rebut a defence attack on another persons character are as rooted in common sense as they are fair adjudicative principles. The gateways that res tate the importance of explanatory evidence to give a fact situation appropriate context, and the traditional relevance / probative value versus prejudicial test developed in the common law warrant further examination in this regard. These are the most important and the most litigated provisions in the gateway structure. Edwards provides a useful example of how a court will assess how important background evidence must be to the understanding of the entire case. In this decision, the Court of Appeal confirmed that for a jury to properly understand the nuance of a heroin trafficking transaction, evidence could be called by the prosecution to explain how such transactions proceeded if they were to understand why a witness said that they could identify the defendant. Relevance to an important matter between the defence and the prosecution as described in s. 101 (1) (d) CJA is not restricted to the defendants alleged propensity to commit the subject crime or crime generally. The provision represents a barrier to the prosecution to call such evidence if it is not central to its chief purpose. For example, whilst the previous common law based limitations on the tendering of a defendants criminal record was often regarded as highly prejudicial to the prosecution, the revisions enacted in the CJA provisions do not countenance the wholesale introduction of such evidence, notwithstanding how attractive the evidence might be to the prosecution in the context of its desire to make the most of its position. Campbell is a decision that underscores why the CJA provisions strike the appropriate balance between defendant interests and the jurys ability to fairly decide the case. The trial judge in Campbell permitted the jury to hear evidence of the defendants two prior convictions without permitting them to hear any other background into those earlier events. It is not surprising that after the judges charge to the jury, this question was asked by the jur y, â€Å"What was the significance of revealing the defendants two previous assault convictions? Anything else we should know?The introduction of a criminal conviction alone absent information that provides context to the events that led to the previous entry may result in a skewed understanding of the defendant that prejudices the defence position; the approved course by virtue of Campbell is that the jury should be warned not to attach too much weight to bad character evidence, let alone conclude that the defendant is guilty simply because of his bad character. The substantial probative value requirement for bad character evidence as confirmed in s. 101 (1) (e) reinforces the traditional bedrock proposition of criminal evidence admissibility – judges must ensure that the probative value exceeds its prejudicial effect. By placing this important principle within the seven avenue evidentiary gateway, the CJA achieves a comprehensive effect concerning the admissibility and appropriate evaluation of bad character evidence that the prior pastiche of common law principles and circumstance driven exceptions could never achieve. When all of the provisions discussed above are taken together, a clear picture is drawn of the over all effect of the CJA with respect to the admissibility of bad character evidence. The law has been made more certain, but not at the expense of trial or procedural fairness. Relevance and probative value are given their due, and the ability of the defence to counter evidence that passes the CJA standards is unimpaired by its approach as contained in sections 98 to 113. Bibliography Statutes and Rules considered Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982 Canada Evidence Act 1990 Criminal Justice Act 2003, ss. 98 -113 Criminal Procedure Rules, Part 35 Cases and reports considered A, R v [2001] 3 All ER 1 Boardman v DPP [1975] AC 421 Bovell and Dowds, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 1091 Campbell, R v [2007] 1 WLR 2798 Corbett , R. v. (1988) 41 C.C.C. (3d) 385 Edwards, Fysh Duggan Chohan, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 1813 Hanson, Gilmore and Pickstone, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 824 Highton, Van Nguyen and Carp, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 1985 Humphris, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2030 Maxwell v DPP [1935] AC 309 OBrien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2005] 2 WLR 1038 Renda Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2826 Weir Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2866 Authorities considered Allen, Christopher (2006) Evidence QA 2005-2006 6/e London: Cavendish Routledge Crown Prosecution Service (2008). Bad Character Evidence [online] Retrieved March 15, 2010 at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/bad_character_evidence/ Durston, Gregory (2004) ‘Bad character evidence and non-party witnesses under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 International Journal of Evidence and Proof 8, 4: 233-239 Law Commission Evidence of Bad Character in Criminal Proceedings (Report) [2001] EWLC 273(2) Fowles, Tony (2006) ‘Counterblast: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 The End of an Era? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 45, 1: 71-73 OBrian, William E. (2009) ‘The Right of Confrontation: US and European Perspectives Warwick S chool of Law Research (2005) 121 LQR 481-510 Spencer, J.R. (2006). Evidence of Bad Character. Oxford: Hart Publishing. E.g. Fowles, Tony (2006) ‘Counterblast: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 The End of an Era? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 45, 1: 71-73; OBrian, William E. (2009) ‘The Right of Confrontation: US and European Perspectives Warwick School of Law Research (2005) 121 LQR 481-510 The Bibliography reveals a large number of decisions in this area that were rendered between 2005 and 2007, the time frame within which the first trial decisions that applied the new CJA procedures were considered by the Court of Appeal. S.99 (1) CJA S.100 S. 101(1); the ‘gateways are subsections (a) through (g) Ss.98 to 113, CJA E.g. Escaping lawful custody or resisting arrest Maxwell v DPP [1935] AC 309 ; Lord Hailsham described the contests between prosecution and defence over propensity evidence as having left a â€Å"pitted battlefield † ( DPP v Boardman [1975] AC 421, 445), a testament to the historical importance of this issue in English law that underscores the significance of the CJA provisions Law Commission Evidence of Bad Character in Criminal Proceedings (Report) [2001] EWLC 273(2) Ss. 98, 112 Similar fact evidence admissibility (so called) was subject to the common law rules confirmed in Boardman v DPP [1975] AC 421, where the fundamental evidentiary test of prejudicial effect versus probative value applicable to all types of evidence generally governed similar fact admissibility Weir Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2866 Renda Others, R v [2005] EWCA Crim 2826 By virtue of the combined operation of ss. 111(2), CJA and Part 35, Rules of Criminal Procedure ibid Ibid; see Hanson, [2005] EWCA Crim 824, para 117 Other Anglo-American jurisdictions such as Canada opted to enshrine full disclosure and prosecutorial notice in bad character evidence applications in their laws so me years ago. See Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s.7, the Canada Evidence Act, s. 12 and the leading case of Corbett (1988), 41 C.C.C. (3d) 385 at 399-401 See Humphris [2005] EWCA Crim 2030; Edwards [2005] EWCA Crim 1813; Bovell and Dowds [2005] EWCA Crim 1091, all cases that reinforce the relationship between procedural fairness and the s.111(2) CJA provisions S. 41 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act; see also Durston, Gregory (2004) ‘Bad character evidence and non-party witnesses under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 International Journal of Evidence and Proof 8, 4: 233-239 R v A [2001] 3 All ER 1 ibid Weir, para 73, 74 Ibid, 36; see also OBrien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2005] 2 WLR 1038 S.101 (1) (a) S.101 (g) S. 101 (c); the traditional rules concerning res gestae statements will form a part of this consideration Ss. 101 (d) and (e), respectively [2005] EWCA Crim 1813, para 70, 71 Ibid; an important weaknes s in the prior law is discussed in Crown Prosecution Service (2008). Bad Character Evidence [online] Retrieved March 15, 2010 at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/bad_character_evidence/, at part 2 (Principle); the prior law did not define what constituted background See e.g. Highton, Van Nguyen and Carp [2005] EWCA Crim 1985; see also generally Spencer, J.R. (2006). Evidence of Bad Character, c.1, 2 See Campbell [2007] 1 WLR 2798 Ibid Ibid, para 14 Ibid, para 45 Boardman , supra; see also Allen, Christopher (2006) Evidence QA 2005-2006 6/e Spencer, 4.20, 4.29

The Unethicality of the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study

Jewish, Nazi, Tuskegee, Willowbrook Studies Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study The 1962-63 Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study was unethical because the presiding physician, Chester M. Southam, injected live cancer cells into twenty-two chronically ill, non-cancer patients without their written consent. Southam attempted to justify his actions (not informing his patients) by stating that he did not wish to stir up any unnecessary anxieties in the patients who had phobia and ignorance about cancer (Standler, 1997). Southam was put on probation for 1 year after being found guilty of fraud/deceit and unprofessional conduct by the New York State medical licensing board. This study could be done ethically if a terminally ill but lucid patient volunteered to have cancer cells injected into his/her body for a scientific study. Some have argued that important information related to the way in which, and the rapidity in which, cancer cells metastases has been obtained by this study. But this has been highly debated (Standler, 1997). Nazi Experiments Nazi experiments and its Japanese counterpart (Unit 731) were unethical because it involved the abuse and torture of a subjugated people. In the case of Germany it was Jews, Pols, and the disabled who were exploited for nefarious reasons against their will. In Japan, it was the Chinese and residents of other Sino-Japanese countries that were abused, tortured, and maltreated. No, the Nazi experiments

Modern Vampires of the City by Vampire Weekend free essay sample

With their popped lacoste polo collars and boat shoes, Vampire Weekend seems to be the antithesis of their name. Since debuting their first, self-titled album in 2008, Vampire Weekend have embraced their contrarian reputation and continuously break expectations of fans and critics. Recently named â€Å"Album of the Year† by Rolling Stones Magazines, Modern Vampires of the City, discards their collegiate image without alienating old fans. The songs themselves remain distinctly branded as Vampire Weekend originals, incorporating African steel guitar, Dominican rhythms, witty lyrics with cultural references, and infectious melodies. But, the album cover’s depiction of a hazy New York City of the past gives off a certain futuristic vibe, which betrays that MOVTC is different from anything that Vampire Weekend has done before. This new album opens with â€Å"Obvious Bicycle† which welcomes the listener with a vaguely hopeful melody that lacks the expected, frenzied guitar riffs and stringed interludes, making it clear that this is a new Vampire Weekend. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Vampires of the City by Vampire Weekend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The song’s lyrics themselves turn from the light-heartedness that characterized their debut album, and are largely reflective, hinting at darker, introspective topics such as success and mortality. In MOVTC, Vampire Weekend examines heavier topics with playful lyrics and a healthy dose of self-awareness. In the track â€Å"Diane Young†, which is wordplay on the phrase â€Å"dying young†, lead singer Ezra Koenig’s voice is manipulated several octaves lower as he repeats the word â€Å"Baby† over and over again creating an eerie effect. The use of autotune is just one of the new production techniques producer and band member Rostam Batmanglij has employed with the help of new producer Ariel Rechtshaid. In â€Å"Ya Hey†, spoken word and squeaky Alvin-and-the-Chipmunks-styled â€Å"ya hey’s† blends together to create one of the album’s catchiest tracks. Some tracks such as â€Å"Hannah Hunt† and â€Å"Hudson† explore the melancholy arrangements that first appeared in their sophomore album, Contra, with frontman, Ezra Koenig’s haunting vocals transporting listeners to the eerie New York City pictured on the cover. While the cheery â€Å"Finger Back† and â€Å"Worship You† are reminiscent of their â€Å"Oxford Comma† days, recalling days on the shores of Cape Cod. MOVTC is a true culmination of the music Vampire Weekend has created over the past 5 years. Without losing their â€Å"Upper West Side Soweto† roots, Vampire Weekend has cemented their inimitable style in this masterfully crafted album worthy of the title â€Å"Album of the Year†.

Macro Economics - Two of the Four Dragons - Hong Kong and Singapore free essay sample

Two of the Four Dragons Mary Carroll ECON224-1101A-14 March 13, 2011 Two of the Four Dragons Hong Kong has a unique history as they were occupied by the United Kingdom (UK) for approximately 99 years beginning in 1841. An agreement was reached in 1984 between China and the UK where Hong Kong would go back under Chinese rule with some unique exceptions. Hong Kong would operate under China’s â€Å"one country, two systems† formula for the next 50 years. Ultimately this meant China’s socialist society would not be forced on Hong Kong allowing their autonomy for the next 50 years, except in matters of foreign and defense affairs. On December 19, 1984, a new agreement was signed between China and the UK transferring the rule of Hong Kong back over to China. It took some time to develop the specifics of governance and Hong Kong officially came under China on July 1, 1997. This day is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Economics Two of the Four Dragons Hong Kong and Singapore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For now Hong Kong operates under a free market economy and highly dependent on international trade and finance. The value of their goods and services exported (including re-exports) are four times the GDP. Hong Kong’s GDP in comparison to the world is number 47 and in 2010 their official exchange rate in 2010 was estimated at $226. 5 billion with 5. 7% GDP significantly improving from -2. 8% GDP in 2009. In 2008 the GDP per capita was $44,800 and then declined in 2009 with the global economic downturn to $43,400 GDP (PPP) and then improving to $45,600 in 2010. Hong Kong made a quick recovery after the global financial economic crisis beginning in Q4 of 2009 and grew 10% in 2010 (Central Intelligence Agency). Hong Kong has an extremely low debt, low tariffs and minimal corruption and is considered to be one of the most economically free countries ( Hernandez, 2009). Hong Kong grew from a relatively backward economy prior to the 1970’s to what is considered today as a Newly Industrialized Economies (NIE). This rapid growth occurred in a relatively short period of time and the question is how Hong Kong continues its path of economic freedom. Hong Kong’s key industries are banking and tourism and what manufacturing they previously did under the UK they have now transferred to their mainland (Dave, 2007). The first recommendation to continue the growth of Hong Kong would be to invest in Research and Development establishing itself as a new center of growth to advance technology and its overall intellectual property. This would open the door for investors to tap into new opportunities of growth specifically in the technology industry. The second area to increase growth would be in advancement of the first by increasing secondary level education and building up technological training as Hong Kong has lagged behind in this arena. Recognizing that Human Capital Management is equally important as advancing technology, where there is a highly skilled and highly demanded workforce to accompany the growth and expansion from R D. Thirdly, it is critical to keep the governmental regulations and involvements in trade, banking, R D, education, etc†¦to the right balance. The lack of involvement and regulations allowed items that should have been advancing go unchecked. Finding the right balance of intervention, specific to technology and education is a key for economic growth; Hong Kong is the gateway to China and has the opportunity to advance in these areas and open up newer markets (Dave). Based on the three items of growth selected, the â€Å"Slow Growth† formula would be applicable as it focuses on technological economic progress. This model may very well be the best to apply for a NIE as it takes a more standard, traditional approach to growth where a fast pace approach has preceded. The key components of this model include growth of the labor market, capital input and total factor productivity. By putting an increased focus on R D and technology this will incite investors to keep at the newly governed country’s table and open doors for learning and development which could progress Hong Kong’s workforce into the future (Dave). There are four countries that have been linked together and dubbed as â€Å"Asia’s Four Little Dragons† and they are Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korean and Singapore. In addition to experiencing extreme growth and rapid industrialization between the 1960’s – and 1990’s these ‘Four Asian Tigers† have in common a very strong Chinese cultural influence (â€Å"Four asian tigers†, nd). For the purpose of the paper, we will shift our focus to Singapore, one of the other dragons. Unlike Hong Kong, Singapore’s growth focused on electronics, information technology, and pharmaceuticals. The real GDP growth averaged 7. 1% for a period of four years from 2004-2008 and like other countries took a hit with the global financial crisis. Singapore rebounded to 14. 7% GDP in 2010. Singapore has grown its financial services sector and is now known as one of Southeast Asia’s high tech centers (Central Intelligence Agency). Singapore’s low unemployment rate of 2. % combined with their GDP – per capita (PPP) has risen to $57,200 in 2010 creating a reputation for a type of lifestyle enjoyed by the ‘middle class’. Singapore economy has flourished in the electronics and information technology sector but with neighborhood competitors taking their share in this market the time to identify new growth strategies are critical. Singapore has relied h eavily on major corporations making their home in this land to take advantage of lower wages and overall investment and this creates significant risks. To continue its economic growth, Singapore can leverage several economic strategies. First, restructure the taxes, service fee cuts to expand the economy by increasing domestic consumption and investment by the private sector by increasing their benefits in items like education and healthcare. Next, diversify and promote growth in lifestyle industries like tourism, building new resorts, attractions such as the Formula One Race and future planned state-of-the-art Sports Hub to be completed in 2012 and a National Art Gallery in 2013. As well as continue to establish Singapore as a technology hub by continued investment in innovation (â€Å"Singapore’s new growth engines†, 2009). Lastly, work closely the Monetary Authority to ensure the appropriate monetary policies are in place to manage inflation and keep exports in balance. Some economist expects the â€Å"Monetary Authority of Singapore to allow a faster pace of currency appreciation and the central bank which uses its currency rather than interest rates to manage price gains, forecast inflation will average between 3 percent and 4 percent in 2011†, (Adams, 2011). Singapore’s is one of the most open economies in the world and choosing to leverage the economic strategy of a ‘Demand Economy’ by continuing to diversify it’s trade is key. Already, trade is three times the size of their GDP and external demand generates more than three fourths of the economy’s total demand. Singapore also enjoys one of the largest ports in the world and can export with ease. Unlike its sister tiger, Hong Kong who has yet to invest in new technologies, R D and education; Singapore can now reap the benefits of a demand economic strategy versus a slow growth one (Singapores engines of, 2010). The similarities between these â€Å"Four Asian Tigers† have remarkably impacted their overall economic models driven highly by an export versus import model. They are known in the west by their inexpensive but productive workforce. These countries have been able to keep agricultural workers satisfied by promoting land reform and property rights and ensuring benefits supporting the agricultural policies. Ultimately keeping unemployment very low, focusing on exports and trade to wealthier countries and interestingly enough close ties to the US (â€Å"Four asian tigers†). | References Central Intelligence Agency, (2011). The world fact book (ISSN 1553-8133). Washington, DC: Retrieved from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk. html Dave, T. (2007, July 9). A study on technological progress and economic growth in hong kong. Retrieved from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/299876/a_study_on_technological_progress_and_pg3. html? cat=9 Hernandez, F. (2009, June 12). Top 5 most economically free countries in the world. Retrieved from http://www. associatedcontent. om/article/1826317/top_5_most_economically_free_countries_pg2. html? cat=3 Singapores new growth engines a stimulant to lifestyle industry. (2009, October 1). Retrieved from http://www. articlesbase. com/art-and-entertainment-articles/singapores-new-growth-engines-a-stimulant-to-lifestyle-industry-1289339. html Adam, S. (2011, March 11). Singapore’s economy may expand 5. 7% this year, central bank survey shows. Retrieved from http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2011-03-09/singapore-s-economy-may-expand-5-7-this-year-central-bank-survey-shows. html Singapores engines of growth. (2010,