Comparing Confucianism and Christianity Essay - 1140 Words

Comparing Confucianism and Christianity The premise of Confucian teachings are centered around the idea of Jen or the  ³virtue of humanity (Ching 68). ² To accomplish this divinity, five relationships must be honored: ruler and minister, father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, and friend and friend (Hopfe). These relationships led a push for a revolution of the political system to adopt the methods of Jen. Confucius sought to revive the ancient Chinese culture by redefining the importance of society and government. He described a society governed by  ³reasonable, humane, and just sensibilities, not by the passions of individuals arbitrarily empowered by hereditary status ² (Clearly). He felt that this†¦show more content†¦Several scholars believe that his Heaven was analogous to the God unto which Christians served. Christians feel that in order to also gain a Jen-like status one must have a serious relationship with the church and Jesus Christ himself. Confucius differed in that they feel that the body, mind and soul must be recognized as one to reach Jen (Smith). Through education or ritual practices one gains wealth. With wealth one achieved power. These are the essentials to living a good life (OBrià ©re). However, relationships between men is the most desirable. These aspects are the embodiment of Li. Li was love for authority and respect for others (Alexander). Christianity also looks at wealth in a slightly different manner.  ³At the heart of the Christian faith and at its source of its traditions in Scripture is the belief in a covenant (Carmen 17). ² It is the promise between God and the individual that ensures (through faith) that ones kindly actions on Earth will be divinely awarded. The five relationships of Jen are also honored in Christianity with references to  ³Honor thy father and mother, for this is the first commandment with promise (Ephesians 6:1). ² It is prevalent that Christianity and Confucius are very similar in their philosophy. Some would argue that Confucius lack of a strong theology is its failure to comply with the Christian ethics. Others would say it is thereShow MoreRelatedConfucianism : The Way Of Propriety1265 Words   |  6 PagesConfucianism stands hand in hand with Daoism, as one of the two great philosophical religions of China, but is considered one of the Three Teachings; Daoism and Buddhism are the other two. Derived from the Chinese teachings of the philosopher Confucius, Confucianism focuses more on ethical living and moral conduct; emphasizing earthly and not heavenly. Even though it is referred to as a religion, Confucianism is often considered to be an ethical system. There are four common aspects when comparedRead MoreSocial Philosophy Of Confucianism1398 Words   |  6 PagesConfucianism was founded by the philosopher Confucius who was born in 551 in the Lu state of China (Biography.com Editors 2017). Confucius’s teachings focused on creating ethical models of family and public interactions and setting educational standards (Biography.com Editors 2017). Confucius died in 479 B.C., but Confucianism became the official imperial philosophy of China and its influence was significant during the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties (Biography.com Editors 2017). Confucius’s philosophyRead More Comparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and Chinese Buddhism820 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and Chinese Buddhism Chinese Philosophy not only is the fruit of thinking of the Chinese nation, but also is the important component part of world culture. In Chinese philosophy, there are three main parts: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Among them, Chinese Buddhism, which came from India, experienced a course of sinicization under the influence of Chinese traditional culture represented mainly by Confucianism and Taoism , so it keeps theRead MoreDifferences Between South Korea And Japan1535 Words   |  7 PagesKorea and Japan belong to the Chinese cultural circle. And both are influenced by the Chinese Confucianism. Secondly, both South Korea and Japan introduced Western ideas in their history of the development of political culture, which is Christianity. So the political culture of the two countries are mixed by not only the Eastern and Western cultures, but also traditional values and modern ideas. So comparing South Korea and Japan, both similar and differences are in their political culture, which couldRead MoreTaoism And The Philosophy Of Tai Chi Chuan1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ancient philosophy. 3) http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gk1415/taoism.htm Eastern Philosophy- Taoism. Eastern Philosophy- Taoism. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. This article compares Taoism to other eastern philosophies. This will be helpful in comparing Taoist beliefs and others eastern religions. These difference may hold valuable insight for how Taoism spread. 4) http://www.artic.edu/taoism/menu.php Taoism and the Arts of China (Art Institute of Chicago). Taoism and the Arts of China (Art InstituteRead MoreThe As A System Of Government That Impacts The Values And Interpersonal Relationships Of Its Citizens Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pageseither religious or philosophical doctrine. A few famous examples are Christianity in the Western world, and Confucianism in the East. The latter transcends religion, for Confucius teachings influence daily interaction between people on every level of society. More significantly, it demands a hierarchy within families that centers on expressing respect for the male head of house. In order to better understand the role Confucianism plays in eastern society, it is crucial to examine its history andRead MoreConfucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Platonism1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthis essay, I’ll be comparing and contrasting the four views of human nature that we have studied so far – Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Platonism – critically examining their similarities and differences. Also, I’ll be explaining which one I think provides the most plausible understanding of what we are. First, I will introduce each of the four views of human nature by defining them. Then, I will elaborate and thoroughly explain what each one claims that we are. Confucianism is a system of philosophicalRead MoreAn Interpretation Of Religion By David Nah865 Words   |  4 Pagesone’s good deeds should outweigh the bad deeds. †¢ Christianity: The belief of one God whom created humanity to have a personal relationship but sin separates the bond. To accept salvation one must place absolute faith and believe in Jesus and the sacrificial act for man’s sin (New International Version, Ro. 10.9-10). How is Christianity different among other religions? Comparing not only the religions mentioned but others such as Shamanism, Confucianism or New Age all share commonality of self-improvementRead MoreThe Japanese Political System Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesfeatures of the Confucian system. Confucianism tended to be overshadowed by Buddhism until the appearance of the centralized Tokugawa system in the 17th century. However, as an organized philosophy, Confucianism didn’t survive the great transition of the late 19th century. But even if many Japanese aren’t Confucianists, the Confucian moral values are continuing to influence their thinking. Furthermore, Buddhism is the Japanese religion that was very similar to Christianity, it also concerns about the afterlifeRead MoreReligion And Aesthetics Of Buddhism1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbusinesses. There are many different religions in China including Buddhism, Christianity, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and many other folk rel igions. However, the two most prominent religions are Buddhism and Confucianism. The teachings of both Buddhism and Confucianism promote harmony to achieve inner peace. In Buddhism people are taught that they should observe the local customs and laws, to live in harmony. While in Confucianism, harmony is the basis of the family. Influenced by the two faiths, the Chinese

Analysis Of Sandra Cisneros s The House On Mango Street

Gender role plays an important role in Sandra Cisneros’s novel The House on Mango Street. The role of women in a patriarchal society is one of the most important themes in the novel. The main character Esperanza, along with other women have to face a lot of difficulties caused by gender inequality. Esperanza s disappointment begins as she moves into the new community and witness the way women are treated. Cisneros introduces gender stereotypes to demonstrate to the reader that gender roles can create barriers for women which affects their self-definition, their desires and their decision of improvement and development. In my opinion, the novel revolves around women’s dreams, self-determination and Esperanza’s courage to break the gender stereotypes and empower each other in spite of facing sexual assault and not being able to live a joyous life. Gender role is represented as a social construction in The House on Mango Street. Men are depicted as a solid figure and are looked as a primary force while women are looked down upon and are treated as a sex object. Out of all the female character in the novel, Esperanza is distinctive. She does not see a future where she is subject to anybody. She has interminable dreams of her own. Her dreams of â€Å"having a house of her own† (pg. 4) starts at a very young age. As she moves into the new neighborhood in the Mango Street, she gets baffled since it is not the house her parents talked about and also not the real one’s she has seen onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sandra Cisneros s The House On Mango Street Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesSara Fitzsimmons Meola English 2 Honors 6 September 2016 Get Out In Sandra Cisneros novel The House on Mango Street the characters experience the challenges of growing up in a society full of racism, discrimination, and class distinction. Their experience is exceedingly similar to people in urban areas and cities today. Both the protagonist Esperanza, a young teen and people in today’s hispanic cities experience discrimination making progression in life challenging. The indifferent attitudes regardingRead MoreAnalysis Of Sandra Cisneros s The House On Mango Street 1506 Words   |  7 Pagesperson is important, but how much did it affect them is also crucial. In Sandra Cisneros novel, entitled The House on Mango Street,the story depicts a Latina girl who transform throughout her time being on Mango Street. The girl named Esperanza is to faced obstacles of female oppression that she witnesses in the life of women on her street who they depends on men to bring them out of the street. In The House on Mango Street, Cisneros uses characteriza tion to express the idea that Esperanza changes dueRead MoreAnalysis Of The House On Mango Street1051 Words   |  5 Pages Analysis of The House on Mango Street By: Sandra Cisneros Carley Deklotz GWSS:1001:0A02 Professor Sue Stanfield The environment people grow up in can have a huge impact on their identity and who they become. In the novel, The House on Mango Street, the author tells a series of short stories through the eyes of Esperanza Cordero. Esperanza is a young Latina growing up in Chicago, and through her stories shows the reader her environment and how in affects her. Things like gender roles, sexualRead MoreBiography of Sandra Cisneros1459 Words   |  6 Pagesfrightening to some and enlightening to others. Although times have changed, Sandra Cisneros’ stories about Mexican-American women provide a cultural division within itself that reflects in a recent time. The cultural themes in Cisneros’s stories highlight the struggle of women who identify with Mexican-American heritage and the struggle in terms of living up to Mexican culture – as a separate ethnic body. The women in Sandra Cisneros’ stories are struggling with living up to identities assigned to themRead MoreChron icle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Garcia Marquez1492 Words   |  6 Pagessame outlet of writing that has yielded a larger audience. Authors who have taken to the art of writing to express themselves are Sandra Cisneros and Julia Alvarez authors of both The House on Mango Street and In the Time of the Butterflies. To better understand the difference of those born in Latin America and In the those from Latin America, there must be an analysis of both works by different authors as well as scholarly articles.With the use of these lenses it can be seen that the writing stylesRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The House On Mango Street1163 Words   |  5 PagesEzra Collins English 9: Tetlak Literary Analysis: The House on Mango Street November 3, 2017 Remember Where Your From The House on Mango Street On average 40,093,000 people in the United States move annually. In the book The House on Mango Street the main character Esperanza and her family are included in this number. They Come very poor roots, and they don t have much money. They move often, one day dreaming to live in a real house, one they don t have to share, one with their own yard, withRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesnovel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel

Night World Soulmate Chapter 5 Free Essays

Hana turned and hurried up the riverbank. The woman screaming was Sada, her mother’s sister^ and the girl who was stumbling beside her was Ryl, Hana’s little cousin. Ryl was a pretty girl, ten years old. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Soulmate Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But right now she looked dazed and almost unconscious. And her neck and the front of her leather tunic were smeared with blood. â€Å"What happened?† Hana gasped, running to put her arms around her cousin. â€Å"She was out looking for new greens. I found her lying on the ground-I thought she was dead!† Sada’s face contorted in grief. She was speaking rapidly, almost incoherently. â€Å"And look at this-look at her neck!† On Ryl’s pale neck, in the center of the blood, Hana could just make out two small marks. They looked like the marks of sharp teeth-but only two teeth. â€Å"It had to be an animal,† Ket breathed from behind Hana. â€Å"But what animal only leaves the marks of two teeth?† Hana’s heart felt tight and oddly heavy at once- like a stone falling inside her. Sada was already speaking. â€Å"It wasn’t an animal! She says it was a man, a boy! She says he threw her down and bit her-and he drank her blood.† Sada began to sob, clutching Ryl to her. â€Å"Why would he want to do that? Oh, please, somebody help me! My daughter’s been hurt!† Ryl just stared dazedly over her mother’s arm. Ket said faintly, â€Å"A boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hana gulped and said, â€Å"Let’s take her to Old Mother †¦Ã¢â‚¬  But then she stopped and looked toward the river. The men were driving the stranger up the bank. He was snarling, terrified and angry-but when he saw Ryl, his expression changed. He stared at her, his wounded animal eyes sick and dismayed. To Hana, it seemed as if he could hardly stand to look at her, but he couldn’t look away. His gaze was fixed on the little girl’s throat. And then he turned away, his eyes shut, his head falling into his hands. Every movement showed anguish. It was as if all the fight had gone out of him at once. Hana looked back and forth in horror from the girl with blood on her throat to the stranger with blood on his mouth. The connection was obvious and nobody had to make it out loud. But why? she thought, feeling nauseated and dizzy. Why would anybody want to drink a girl’s blood? No animal and no human did that. He must be a demon after all. Arno stepped forward. He gripped Ryl’s chin gently, turning her head toward the stranger. â€Å"Was he the one who attacked you?† Ryl’s dazed eyes stared straight ahead-and then she suddenly seemed to focus. Her pupils got big and she looked at the face of the stranger. Then she started screaming. Screaming and screaming, hands flying up to cover her eyes. Her mother began to sob, rocking her. Some of the men began to shout at the stranger, jabbing spears at him, overcome with shock and horror. All the sounds merged together in a terrifying cacophony in Hana’s head. Hana found herself trembling. She reached automatically for little Ryl, not knowing how to comfort her. Ket was crying. Sada was wailing as she held her child. People were streaming out of the limestone cave, yelling, trying to find out what all the noise was about. And through it all, the stranger huddled, his eyes shut, his face a mask of grief. Arno’s voice rose above the others. â€Å"I think we hunters know what to do with him. This is no longer a matter for shamans!† He was looking at Hana as he said it. Hana looked back. She couldn’t speak. There was no reason for her to care what happened to the stranger-but she did care. He had hurt her cousin†¦ but he was so wretched, so unhappy. Maybe he couldn’t help it, she thought suddenly. She didn’t know where the idea came from, but it was the kind of instinct that made Old Mother say she should be a shaman. Maybe †¦ he didn’t want to do it, but something drove him to. And now he’s sorry and ashamed. Maybe†¦ oh, I don’t know! Still trembling, she found herself speaking out loud again. â€Å"You can’t just kill him. You have to take him to Old Mother.† â€Å"It’s none of her business!† â€Å"It’s her business if he’s a demon! You’re just co-leader, Arno. You take care of the hunting. But Old Mother is the leader in spiritual things.† Arno’s face went tight and angry. â€Å"Fine, then,† he said. â€Å"We take him to Old Mother.† Jabbing with their spears, the men drove the stranger into the cave. By then, most of the people of the clan had gathered around and they were muttering angrily. Old Mother was the oldest woman in the clan- the great grandmother of Hana and Ryl and almost everybody. She had a face covered with wrinkles and a body like a dried stick. But her dark eyes were full of wisdom. She was the clan’s shaman. She was the one who interceded directly with the Earth Goddess, the Bright Mother, the Giver of Life who was above all other spirits. She listened to the story seriously, sitting on her leather pallet while the others crowded around her. Hana edged close to her and Ryl was placed in her lap. â€Å"They want to kill him,† Hana murmured in the old woman’s ear when the story was over. â€Å"But look at his eyes. I know he’s sorry, and I think maybe he didn’t mean to hurt Ryl. Can you talk to him, Old Mother?† Old Mother knew a lot of different languages; she’d traveled very far when she had been young. But now, after trying several, she shook her head. â€Å"Demons don’t speak human languages,† Arno said scornfully. He was standing with his spear ready . although the stranger squatting in front of the old woman showed no signs of trying to run away. â€Å"He’s not a demon,† Old Mother said, with a se–veie glance at Amo. Then she added slowly, â€Å"But he’s certainly not a man, either. I’m not sure what he is. The Goddess has never told me anything about people like him.† â€Å"Then obviously the Goddess isn’t interested,† Arno said with a shrug. â€Å"Let the hunters take care of him.† Hana gripped the old woman’s thin shoulder. Old Mother put a twiglike hand on Hana’s. Her dark eyes were grave and sad. â€Å"The one thing we do know is that he’s capable of great harm,† she said softly. â€Å"I’m sorry, child, but I think Arno is right.† Then she turned to Arno. â€Å"It’s getting dark. We’d better shut him up somewhere tonight; then in the morning we can decide what to do with him. Maybe the Goddess will tell me something about him as I sleep.† But Hana knew better. She saw the look on Arno’s face as he and the other hunters led the stranger away. And she heard the cold and angry muttering of others in the clan. In the morning the stranger would die. Unpleasantly, if Arno had his way. It was probably what he deserved. It was none of Hana’s business. But that night, as she lay on her leather pallet underneath her warm furs, she couldn’t sleep. It was as if the Goddess were poking her, telling her that something was wrong. Something had to be done. And there was nobody else to do it. Hana thought about the look of anguish in the stranger’s eyes. Maybe †¦ if he went somewhere far away †¦ he couldn’t hurt other people. Out on the steppes there were no people to hurt. Maybe that was what the Goddess wanted. Maybe he was some creature that had wandered out of the spirit world and the Goddess would be angry if he were Jailed. Hana didn’t know; she wasn’t a shaman fef. All she knew was that she felt pity for the stranger and she couldn’t keep still any longer. A short time before dawn she got up. Very quietly, she went to the back of the cave and picked up a spare waterskin and some hard patties of traveling food. Then she crept to the side cave where the stranger was shut up. The hunters had set a sort of fence in front of the cave, like the fences they used to trap animals. It was made of branches and bones lashed together with cords. A hunter was beside the fence, one hand on his spear. He was leaning back against the cave wall, and he was asleep with his mouth open. Hana edged past him. Her heart was pounding so loudly she was certain it would wake him up. But the hunter didn’t move. Slowly, carefully, Hana pulled one side of the fence outward. From the darkness inside the cave, two eyes gleamed at her, throwing back the light of the fire. Hana pressed fingers against her mouth in a sign to be quiet, then beckoned. It was only then that she realized exactly how dangerous what she was doing was. She was letting him out-what was to stop him from rushing past her and into the main cave, grabbing people and biting them? But the stranger did no such thing. He didn’t move. He sat and his two eyes glowed at Hana. He’s not going to come, she realized. He won’t. She beckoned again, more urgently. The stranger still sat. Hana’s eyes were getting used to the darkness in the side cave and now she could see that he was shaking his head. He was determined to stay here and let the clan kill him. Hana got mad. Balancing the fence precariously, she jabbed a finger at the stranger, then jerked a thumb over her shoulder. You-out! the gesture meant. She put behind it all the authority of a descendant of Old Mother’s, a woman destined to be co-leader of the clan someday. And when the stranger didn’t obey immediately, she reached for him. That scared him. He shrank back, seeming more alarmed than he had at anything else that had happened so far. He seemed afraid for her to touch him. Afraid he might hurt me, Hana thought. She didn’t know what put the idea into her mind. And she didn’t waste time wondering about it. She simply pressed her advantage, reaching for him again, using his fear to make him go where she wanted him to. She herded him into the main cave and through it. They both moved like shadows among the shelters built along either side of the cave, Hana feeling certain that they were about to be caught any minute. But nobody caught them. When they got outside she guided him toward the river. Then she pointed downstream. She put the food and the waterskin in his hands and made far-flung gestures that meant, Go far away. Very far away. Very, very far. She was going into a pantomime indicating what Arno would do with his spear if the stranger ever came back when she noticed the way he was looking at her. The moon was up and so bright that she could see every detail of the strange boy’s face. And now he was looking at her steadily, with the quiet concentration of a hunting animal, a carnivore. At the same time there was something bleak and terribly human in his eyes. Hana stopped her pantomime. All at once, the space around the cave seemed very large, and she felt very small. She heard night noises, the croaking of frogs and the rushing of the river, with a peculiar intensity. I should never have brought him out here. I’m alone with him out here. What was I thinking? There was a long pause while they stood looking at each other silently. The stranger’s eyes were very dark, as bottomless and ageless as Old Mother’s. Hana could see that his eyelashes were long and she realized again, dimly, that he was handsome. He lifted the packet of traveling food, looked at it, then with a sudden gesture he threw it on the ground. He did the same with the waterskin. Then he sighed. Hana was bristling, going from fear to annoyance and back again. What was he doing? Did he think she was trying to poison him? She picked up the food packet, broke a piece of traveling food off and put it in her mouth. Chewing, she extended the packet toward him again. She made gestures from packet to mouth, saying out loud, â€Å"You need to eat, food. Eat! Eat!† He was watching her steadily. He took the packet from her, touched his mouth, and shook his head. He dropped it at his feet again. He means it isn’t food to him. Hana realized it with a shock. She stood and stared at the strange boy. The food isn’t food to him and the water isn’t drink. But Ryl’s blood †¦ he drank that. Blood is his food and drink. There was another long pause. Hana was very frightened. Her mouth was trembling and tears had come to her eyes. The stranger was still looking at her quietly, but she could see the fangs indenting his lower lip now and his eyes were reflecting moonlight. He was looking at her throat. We’re out here alone †¦ he could have attacked me at any time, Hana thought. He could attack me right now. He looks very strong. But he hasn’t touched me. Even though he’s starving, I think. And he looks so grieved, so sad†¦ and so hungry. Her thoughts were tumbling like a piece of bark tossed on the river. She felt very dizzy. It hurt Ryl†¦ but it didn’t kill Ryl. Ryl was sitting up and eating before we all went to sleep tonight. Old Mother said she’s going to get well. If it didn’t kill her, it wouldn’t kill me. Hana swallowed. She looked at the strange boy with the glowing animal eyes. She saw that he wasn’t going to move toward her even though a fine trembling had taken over his body and he couldn’t seem to look away from her neck. What good does it do to send him off starving? There’s no other clan near here. He’ll just have to come back. And I was right before; he doesn’t want to do it, but he has to do it. Maybe somebody put a curse on him, made it so he starves unless he drinks blood. There’s nobody else to help him. Very slowly, her eyes on the stranger, Hana lifted the hair from one side of her neck. She exposed her throat, leaning her head back slightly. Hunger sparked in the strange boy’s eyes-and then something blazed in them so quickly and so hot that it swallowed up the hunger. Shock and anger. He was staring at her face, now, not her neck. He shook his head vehemently, glaring. Hana touched her neck and then her mouth, then made the far-flung gestures. Eat. Then go away. And for the Goddess’s sake, hurry up, she thought, shutting her eyes. Before I panic and change my mind. She was crying now. She couldn’t help it. She clenched her fists and her teeth and waited grimly, trying to hang on to her resolve. When he touched her for the first time, it was to take her hand. Hana opened her eyes. He was looking at her with such infinite sadness. He smoothed out her fist gently, then kissed her hand. Among any people, it was a gesture of gratitude†¦ and reverence. And it sent startling tingles through Hana. A feeling that was almost like shivers, but warm. A lightness in her head and a weakness in her legs. A sense of awe and wonder that she’d only ever felt before when Old Mother was teaching her to communicate with the Goddess. She could see startled reaction in the stranger’s eyes, too. He was feeling the same things, and they were equally new to him. Hana knew that. But then he dropped her hand quickly and she knew that he was also afraid. The feelings were dangerous-because they drew the two of them together. One long moment while they stood and she saw moonlight in his eyes. Then he turned to go. Hana watched him, her throat aching, knowing he was going to die. And somehow that wrenched her insides in a way she’d never experienced before. Although she kept herself standing still, with her head high, she could feel the tears running down her cheeks. She didn’t know why she felt this way-but it hurt her terribly. It was as if she were losing something†¦ infinitely precious†¦ before she’d had a chance to know it. The future seemed gray, now. Empty. Lonely. Cold and desolate, she stood by the rushing river and felt the wind blow through her. So alone†¦ â€Å"Hannah! Hannah! Wake up!† Someone was shouting, but it wasn’t a voice from her cave. It sounded-faraway-and seemed to come from all directions, or maybe from the sky itself. And it was saying her name wrong. â€Å"Hannah, wake up! Please! Open your eyes!† The faraway voice was frantic. And then there was another voice, a quiet voice that seemed to strike a chord deep inside Hana. A voice that was even less like sound, and that spoke in Hana’s mind. Hannah, come back. You don’t have to relive all this. Wake up. Come back, Hannah-now. Hana of the Three Rivers dosed her eyes and went limp. How to cite Night World : Soulmate Chapter 5, Essay examples

Emily Bronte wuthering heights Essay Example For Students

Emily Bronte wuthering heights Essay Evidence for Cathys confinement in narcissism can be found in language describing her infantilism. She is referred to as a wailing child. (162) However, the most important evidence can be found in Cathys own speech when she says:- But I begin to fancy you dont like me. How strange! I thought, though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid loving me and they have al turned to enemies in a few hours. (159) Cathys narcissistic self love is a response to being denied a life and a story of her own. The mirror is a psychoanalytic symbol for narcissism and in Wuthering Heights Cathy is continuously straining her gaze towards the glass. (161) For Cathy, it is not a mirror, it is a black press. (161) Black has resonances of an empty space, whereas a press could be a printing press for printing Cathys story. Cathys misrecognition reinforces the notion, however, that she has no story to print, since her life is empty like a black hole. Ellen says: There is no press in the room and never was. (161) In other words, Cathy has never had a story to tell. Nonetheless, Cathy still attempts to find her own story when she runs to the window and opens it. Cathy is greeted by the frosty air of an unfeeling patriarchy, which cut about her shoulders, symbolically decapitating Cathy with a metaphorical phallic knife (164). The implication being that in confining Cathy to the role of angel, her mind and body have been separated and Cathy is left as all women were with only her body. Cathys starvation of her body is a form of revenge against patriarchy. Since, by starving herself as well as her unborn child, she is denying patriarchys definition of her as a mere reproductive being. This rejection of her body links with anorexia nervosa, which is induced by feelings of powerlessness and rage. Therefore, her starvation could be interpreted as an attempted to reduce her body back to its childhood shape or, rather, an attempt to return to childhood: I wish I were a girl again, half savage and hardy and free .. Im sure I should be myself were I once among the heather on those hills. (163) It could be said that it is a desire to return to the pre-thetic and unite with the beloved, Heathcliff, so that she can reconstruct her true identity. In frustration, Cathy attempts to deconstruct the identity patriarchy has constructed for her when she tears open the pillow and begins to rip apart its contents by separating the feathers into their different species: Tossing about she increased her feverish bewilderment to madness, and tore the pillow with her teeth, she seemed to find childish diversion in pulling the feathers from the rents she had just made, and ranging them on the sheet according to their different species (160) Cathys naming of the individual feathers, its a lapwingss (160) is a re-enactment of what Gilbert and Gubar refer to as the deconstruction of the dead self that is a male opus', in order for Cathy to rediscover her living, inconstant self. 1 In addition, Heathcliffes sadism suggest that he is Cathys sadistic Other. The birds being starved to death by Heathcliffe is the equivalent to Cathys masochistic act of starving herself. It could be said that it is a kind of assertiveness, that this is the monster in Cathy. However, Cathys attempt to re-assert herself through starvation could not be called a significant and positive action against her oppressor, rather she is taking a negative action, because she has turn the monster against herself. Cathys confinement in narcissism has internalized her former positive fiery assertiveness and transformed it into a negative sadomasochistic fire that is consuming her. (162) Despite her misguided negative assertiveness, Cathy does achieve some kind of freedom, but not an identity or a story. .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 , .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .postImageUrl , .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 , .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4:hover , .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4:visited , .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4:active { border:0!important; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4:active , .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4 .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b18f2321e75b3eb67f5a2cd1a7102c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Flight - creative writitng EssayTowards the end Cathy declares: My resting-place where Im bound before Spring is over! There it is, not among the Lintons, mind, under the chapel-roof; but in the open air with a headstone. (165) Here, Cathy is denying both the bourgeois family and the religious authorities which have established a believe in the bourgeois family ideal. It is a final relation against the many faces of patriarchy, but it is a relation which has come too late. 1. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic p. 17.

Mis

Text to text and text to world connections to characters and plot Essa

Text to text and text to world connections to characters and plot Essa Text to text and text to world connections to characters and plot page 7-52 In terms of text to world just like in the novel people have actually gotten lost in islands. Striving to survive they have to search for food and live there for years. Just like in this book people have to stay together in order to survive. page 53-102 Also another example of text to world would be the character Jack. Just like him there has been people who are evil and rude. Instead of helping each other and being a good leader Jack only wants power instead of uniting as one. page 103-152 A third example of text to world would be when all the boys split up and make their own decisions. Just like them there has been real people who argue and split up in real life. Just like them they dont understand the real meaning of surviving and staying together. page 153-202 At the end of this book Piggy and simon end up dead. I believe that a text to world connection can also be related. People who are lost in islands with no food or shelter end up dying and some causes are do to choosing their own decisions instead of uniting.

Capacity Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capacity Management - Assignment Example The capacity measure is the number of seats that are present in the restaurant. This implies the number of people it can accommodate at sitting. Number of customers served and the pizza eaten can also count. College admissions department. The capacity measure here is the number of students that are admitted. More students admitted calls for more departments.The number of lanes and the time that is taken by a student to be admitted is vital in measurement. The business that I have chosen is the American Apparel, a firm that sells all types of casual wears. It uses the following reason to adjust its short-term capacity levels as explained below. (Mark, 2012) The American Apparel buys more casual clothes of which the excess is stored. Since it uses FIFO method, those clothes that are much newer are stored. When the old stock reduces and the demand for the new arises they are released to the market for sale. The company believes in the quality delivery and therefore it employs workers who have good credentials and good marketing skills. It also applies the cross training to update its employees on the upcoming trends and the needs of its

The Recent Economic Downturn in the UK Assignment

The Recent Economic Downturn in the UK - Assignment Example Meetup Group had organized the networking event in Croydon Park Hotel, London on 15th May 2012. Guests were advised to reach within 6:30 PM and settle in the lounge of the hotel where the event started sharp at 7 PM. Â  Meetup Group is a company commenced by a group of like-minded people from London who believe that it is the world’s largest networking event organizer. The company is recognized for providing assistance to local groups for organizing events related to business or any other discussions regarding the improvement of communities. Meetup believes that people can develop or change their surrounding world by participating in events that involve groups of delegates or professionals who intend to share their priceless experiences1. Â  Most of the professionals invited by the Meetup Group were present at the event. There were Directors and HR personnel from Swift Creations, Technical Director from Allis, Designers and Photographers from Seek Creative and many more high ranked professionals from over 100 companies. The opportunity to meet Ashley Jones, Chief Technician of Seek Creative helped me in developing contacts with the organization. HR manager, Gary Hopes employed at Swift Creations also had a long conversation about the emerging issues related to the new generation workforce2. Â  The conversations among professionals from various sectors have developed interests in generating knowledge regarding the difficulties faced by the high ranked managers in terms of workforce allocations. In this regards, it was agreed by me and Ashley Jones that Seek Company will in future think about working with my company with regards to its printing operations.

Terrorism Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorism Paper - Essay Example This covers the terrorist groups and activities originating from within the European continent, and also the involvement of terrorist organizations and activities from outside Europe. The paper also will also discuss how terrorism operates in both method and rationale, such as going over examples of their various modus operandi and goals. There will also be discussion of the foreign support and involvement of other countries to these groups, whether within or outside Europe, and their alleged agendas or reasons for doing so. At the tail end of this paper, there will be theoretical recommendations or applications in dealing with the issue of terrorism in Europe. As such, possible practical scenarios could be given as examples based from the analysis of the research made for this paper. Insight can also be given as a personal output in reference to the information studied for this research. Before discussing the various terrorist acts in 20th century Europe, it should first be understood what terrorism is and how one is defined as a terrorist. Usually, an individual is considered a terrorist if he or she has political goals or beliefs that are strong motivations to commit acts of violence against their enemies, regardless if done on non-combatants. It can be said then that terrorism is an act of violence made against non-combatants or civilians for the purpose of waging a psychological warfare of fear. This can be in the form of indiscriminate bombings, assassinations, and sabotage in highly populated civilian areas. These actions are done for a politically or culturally motivated goal and made aware through violent and fearful acts. Modern European history has many incidents and episodes of violent terrorist acts. Perhaps one of the most well known would be the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a Serbian nationalist radical by the name of Gavrilo Princip. The attack was motivated by an individual

Advertisements Information Or Manipulation Media Essay

Advertisements Information Or Manipulation Media Essay These are some of the common advertisements that we can see and hear in our everyday life. Advertisement according to oxforddictionaries.com means that a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service, or event or publicizing a job vacancy. Advertisements are everywhere around us. Whether we noticed it or not, it has been long existed. In fact in Egyptian time, they used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters to attract the consumers. With todays advancement of the media, the numbers of magazines increasing, newspapers, TVs and radio stations, people are bombarded with thousands of advertising daily. Advertising is in fact important because it creates awareness to the consumers about products that are available in the market. With the presence of the advertisement, it helps to increase the demand for a certain products. It also let the consumer to choose from a number of products available in the market. But does all these advertisement really give the information to the consumers or just plain tactics to manipulate us to buy or use the services? A lot of the advertisements nowadays are actually manipulating us rather than giving us the real information. The advertisers are in fact intelligent people. They know that normal advertisements that only contain facts are plain boring and seem dull. Therefore they created fantasies to make the advertisement look more appealing. We can clearly see that most advertisement created used our desire, such as sports, sexy women and superstars so that we become attracted and intend to purchase them. As an example this one commercial about a deodorant, AXE, that being use by this man. After he uses it, he is able to attract hot and sexy women towards him. People are being trick by such advertisement and they started to buy these products. After they put it on, they feel as they are the same as in the commercial. This clearly shows that they are playing with our emotions. Think wisely why they use such act. Does this have connections with the quality of the product they release to the market? We consumers should be more cautious to the method used in order to prevent us from being manipulated by the advertisers. Be alert that the advertisers worldwide are succeeding in making people change their lifestyle. In this case, they know that popular artist can play their role in making people especially their fans to follow their way. For example popular artist from Japan, Gazette. Their appearances: clothes that they are wearing and their hairstyle, are so cool that many fan decided to follow their style. By using such influence, most people dont mind in spending their money just to be same as their idol. Doing this kind of advertisements is in fact quite expensive. However, they are prepared to spend a lot of money in the advertising so that they can sell their products. It has been estimated that the price of a product may go up over to 40% due to advertisement costs. Still, due to the success of manipulating the consumers, the advertisers get a lot of money. As an example, according to Welt-Online, they reported that the US pharmaceutical industry spent almost double the amount on advertising ( 57.7 billion dollars) than it did on research (31.5 billion dollars). Yet few consumers noticed that they are the ones paying for every cent the US pharmaceutical spent for public relations, advertisements, rebates, packaging since they ordinarily get included in the price calculation. In the end the consumers will pay more to them while the advertisers gain more profits. Another interesting fact is that they also know how to attract people according their age group. In one case, they try to persuade a group of age between below 8 years old. According to American Psychological Association, they found out that young children are unable to understand and interpret televised advertising messages wisely and thus are likely to consider commercials as truthful, accurate and unbiased. This can lead to many problems like unhealthy eating habits as evidenced by todays youth obesity epidemic. The young children also being targeted as they can also persuade their parents to buy the things that they are being attracted to like toys, sweets and ice cream. One successful commercial like the car models from Hot Wheels where they had successfully sell thousands of their toys. As the children are unable to think wisely it is more likely easier to manipulate them by putting more of what they desire in the advertisement rather than supplying information. On one research , it is found that advertisers had spent more than $12 billion a year on messages aimed at the youth market. The average child watches more than 40,000 television commercials a year. This clearly shows just how they are willing to spend money in order manipulate the consumers rather than giving them much more useful information. The young ones are also not the only one being targeted by the advertisers. Todays adolescences are also being seduced by them. Most male adolescence love sports especially football. The advertisers take this chance by using the football stars in their commercial to market their product. It is likely of us nowadays to follow our idol way. No wonder some brands become top in their games as they are able to increase their selling products and gain more profit. One example of one popular brand company, Nike, where they hired Lebron James, a professional NBA player to be one of their ambassadors. The female adolescences also being manipulate by the advertisement. Not being biased but the female is most likely easy to be trick by certain advertisement. Just see how many women are willing to spend their money and time just for shopping. Younger women especially in Malaysia nowadays are attracted and had followed the Japanese style which also known as the Harajuku style that have been started by some of the popular artist like Ayumi Hamasaki and Kumi Koda.It is likely of them to answer like this: Well, this is the latest trend for the season. They buy things like clothes that are being considered popular for the season. Rather than What should I wear today? it has become What trend must I wear for today?. Not only just clothing, even other things like hairstyle, shoes and even skin color are being considered. It makes us set our mind that it is more important to look good rather than the real purpose of wearing clothes. This proves that advertisement manipulate rather than giving information. The advertisers also use tactics like the linking of sporting heroes and smoking through sports sponsorship, the use of cigarettes by popular characters in television programs and cigarette promotions. Like what is happening in India, as the actors smoke, the viewer intend to do the same thing as they feel it is macho to smoke. People rarely think deeply on the effect that might be faced by them on long term side as they think only for short time. Same thing goes to other products like alcohol drinks. The consumption of alcohol is being glamorized and shown without consequences in advertisements, music, magazines, television programs and even in movies. With the media overwhelmed by these kind of advertisements, no wonder more people especially the youngster below aged drink, even though the fact that alcohol bring harmful to the human body. Not all advertisement told the truth. Some of it sometimes hides the real information or facts that are supposed to be told to the consumers. In fact they are just sweet talk so that people will be attracted to what they offer. For example advertisement about shampoo that can make the hair smooth and straight. As nowadays people are eager to have such hair, they are easily influence by these kind of commercial and purchase the product without knowing the fact whether it really do make the hair to be as what they desire for or just bluffing. On top of hiding the real information they also send a blurry fact to the consumers. Just like a fog or mist that we encounter in the early morning, we cant see clearly of what we are facing in front of us. We are not sure whether it is safe or danger in front of us. This implies just the same as the blurry advertisement. It may be good for us and it may be the opposite. In summary, advertisement do contain both information and at the same time trying to manipulate the consumers. However based on the points given earlier, it clearly shows that most advertisement are actually manipulating the consumer rather than giving them full information on certain things. To prevent this from happening, the government should regulate on which advertisements are appropriate to be shown in the mass media so that less consumers are being trick by these kind of advertisement. Still, it is up to the consumers to be alert on what is happening so that they would be cheated easily by some advertisements. Work Cited: Advertising, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising [retrieved 7 September] Criticism of Advertising, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising [retrieved 9 September] ADVERTISING: Information or Manipulation? http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2010/05/advertising-information-or-manipulation/ [retrieved 9 September] Information or Manipulation? Regulators Urged to Further Limit Ads Aimed at Children http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A659-2004Feb23.html [retrieved 12 September] ADVERTISEMENTS:Manipulation of innocent people http://isariamwende.blogspot.com/2005/05/advertisements-manipulation-of.html [retrieved 14 September] Power of advertising http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/4/13/lifefocus/6018920sec=lifefocus [retrieved 14 September]

Conflict as a Measure Essays -- essays research papers

Conflict as a Measure of Team Development The ability of a team to resolve conflict is a valid measure of team development. The role of conflict in work teams is determined by the manner in which it is managed. Conflict is a driving force of change that can result in improved decision-making processes and progressive team development. However, teams must learn to be confrontational without destroying the team process. Teams are able to handle conflict and perform at a high level by following a framework of communication needed for managing conflict constructively. Teams capable of mediating their own conflicts, improve both productivity and member relationships without the fallout. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coercing: is a process in which groups use confrontational tactics, such as argument, use of authority, or threat, to achieve the goals of each group regardless of the expense paid by the other. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Withdrawal: is the process by which both parties involved in a disagreement postpone or ignore the issue causing the conflict. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiation: is the process by which both groups selectively ignore certain interests in order to reach an agreement, thus achieving partial satisfaction for each side. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accommodation: is the process by which one group neglects its own interests by satisfying the needs of the other group involved. One of the most used forms of solving conflict in the wor...

Harlem Literary Warriors

The legacies of slavery, freedom and racism continuously linger in the pages of history.   African American literature blatantly caters varied stories of experiences of those who had been witnesses of the struggles in the Renaissance time (Fabre and Feith).It was a time when the frustrations, desires, sentiments and everything that had been felt by those who felt that they were being oppressed were established in the form of literary pieces established in publications for the purpose of being heard (McKay and Gates).The lame fact of that certain point of time is that it had been a time of agony and doom for some of those who had their heart on writing.   The oppression and deprivation reached up to the point of not being able to be recognized in the field which they wanted to be a part of (Jones).Blacks were not considered as a part of the society, enjoying the privileges which had been sought by those who believed that they were above their race (Jones).   It felt like they we re hooked on a string like puppets.Zora Neale Hurston UnleashedKnown as a woman of deep interest on anything under the sun with a seminal figure of the vintage Harlem Renaissance; celebrated writer, anthropologist and part-time singer actress, shared her skills in the literary world by writing short stories, essays, novels, plays tackling different subjects aimed in enticing the eyes of the empathic masses (Kaplan).However, her classical works have not been published and produced given such reason that a lot of people in her time were considerably beyond her reach, a reason why here works were not often given credit (Nelson).But fate was not as bad as to how it could have seemed, in the person of Wallace Thurman, she was given the chance to share her masterpieces in literature and aside from that, a deeper sense of connectivity lingered but unfortunately soured which was even published forcefully negative against her in an autobiography (Kaplan).Succession of her worksObscurity swal lowed her being leading to a sad death.   If questions ought to pop out in mind for such confusion on how her works came out in the scene, Alice Walker’s succession among Hurston’s works is most likely the most suitable answer (Hurston; Kaplan).Hurston’s Political RhetoricHurston’s imperialistic and political stand in her works portrayed an array of incongruous arguments against cultural politics.   She always believed that the cultural populism is a way of energizing a battalion of democracy (Hurston; Nelson).Community based role innovative representations tiled her echelon of praises for the flexibility of her beliefs in political deeds and perceptions.   Her folklore commitment served as driving force in linking to an authoritarian and ethnically catalyst in political idealism (Hurston; Nelson; Kaplan).Genius of the SouthHer style in writing, though often criticized for the fact that it had not been adhering to what was common and desired by the government, portrays a perfect representation of the freedom of the press, one of the rights of a state which was in her time, not given credit to; her collaboration of passionate and zealous words and her ways in revealing language as well as concealing the cores of the soul, ensemble an indulging arena of classical writing (Hurston; McKay and Gates).The oral folklore which consistently fused her rationality and narrating her life story at the same time, an example by which various authors are mimicking nowadays to catch a reader’s attention had been a breakthrough in destabilizing the mishaps of contemporary literature.   Skipping the conventionality to higher form of intellectual skill in scribbling aiming tom entice the flaming emotion of quest for freedom (Fabre and Feith).

Parent versus Son Conflict in Go Tell It On The Mountain Essays

Parent versus Son Conflict in Go Tell It On The Mountain Essays March 4, 2015 Eng. 003 Literary Essay Parent versus Son Conflict in Go Tell It On The Mountain In any father and son relationship, animosity from the father can be the sons detriment. In James Baldwins Go Tell It On The Mountain, there are two sons, Roy and John, under the father-ship of Gabriel Grimes. As we all know, there is always some type of favoritism amongst children and their parents. With favoritism, you know one child gets treated better than the other and leaves the other child feeling neglected. With The Grimes, Gabriel favors Roy more than John because that is his biological son and Gabriel sees Roy, as his new chance to raise a good son because his illegitimate son was killed. The conflict between Roy and Gabriel was very unexpected because he was looked at his favorite. Baldwins proposes a sense of conflict within a parent and son relationship, which has a profound impact on both the sons. Even under the strictest parental control, children can still be rebellious. Dont you slap my mother. Thats my mother. You slap her again, you black bastard, and I swear to God Ill kill you. This quote describes Roy defending for his mother. Gabriel is in disbelief at his son saying this to him because he overlooked Roys capabilities and it shocks him because it was unexpected. Due to his anger, he slaps his wife across the face with all his might. Roy tries to stand up and defend for his mother because of Gabriels anger. Referring to all the stereotypes we hear about men and women, a man is supposed to be the protector of his family, fighter and defend himself; a woman is meant to be a stay-home mom, housewife and take care of her wifely/motherly duties. I believe that Gabriel lives by this because he expects his wife to take care of the children, tell them what and what not to do, cook for the family and clean the house. He thinks if he works hard, does right by keeping the family religiously and raises them correctly then he should not have to come home to his wife not cooperating as she is supposed to. He bashes her and says cruel things because Roy had been stabbed and thinks it is her fault that he was stabbed because she was not doing her motherly duties. The relationship between Gabriel and John is essential to the plot. The hatred between them is mutual which results in a lack of understanding each other. Gabriels secret of illegitimacy is not revealed to John, which results in a loveless childhood. The main reason for Gabriels mistreatment towards John is because he is not his biological father. There was also a sense of figurative conflict in the last section of the book, The Threshing-Floor, where it represents an internal battle between good and evil. John had found himself lying on the floor looking up to God. Something in his body moved him because he had heard a voice insisting him to rise so he could spiritually leave the church but he just felt powerless, he could not rise even if he wanted to. During his visions, John struggles trying to concentrate because he was distracted by how his father dominates his life. John sees his father looking down on him very foul. Set thine house in order, for thou shalt die and not live. T his quote represents Gabriel speaking negatively to John while he was trying to rise. It demonstrates how adversely he impacted Johns life because he didnt approve of him at all. The ironic voice speaks again and says, Get up, John. Get up, boy. Dont let them keep you here. You got everything your daddy got. This quote explains that after John hears this voice, he knows that he is saved because something takes over his body. He finds himself speechless because of what just happened but the congregation sings for him and his new found deliverance. He feels the sense of security because he knows he is finally one of them. His mother was proud of him but on the other hand of course Gabriel gave him a stolid look

Compare and Contrast The New World and The General Historie of Virginia

Compare and Contrast The New World and The General Historie of Virginia It was an adventure from the point of view of the foreigners who came from England. They wanted to start a new life away from the chaos, confusion, and poverty of their motherland (Woodward, p.145). They succeeded in finding a new world but what was not yet clear is that if they can have a new life in a new settlement that they would have to build from scratch (O’Sullivan Keuchel, p.7).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: The New World and The General Historie of Virginia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this particular study this particular story is re-told in two different ways. These two versions will be compared side-by-side. The first one is an eyewitness account and primary source of the first wave of English settlers and the second one is a film directed by Terence Malick. The plot structure of Smith’s book contrasted sharply with that of Malick’s movie. Smith wanted to show an overview of history as it pertains to the creation of an English settlement in Virginia. The author, Captain John Smith was able to do this by providing detailed description of the reasons for setting sail towards an unknown world, risking their lives for something that they are not entirely sure about (Smith, p.40). The film however, did not waste time explaining the rationale of the voyage from England to Virginia because the plot structure focuses on the New World and its impact on the lives of the Englishmen. With regards to the characters the movie cannot afford to spend so much time providing details regarding the other actors. Thus, the movie failed to develop more round characters and this is understandable because of the limitations of the medium used (The New World, p.1). But in the case of Smith he had the freedom to discuss the members of the crew and what they are like and thus providing the readers enough background information to appreciate the actions of t he characters in the historical account. The film however focused on John Smith and Pocahontas. The book and the film share the same setting – the New World. The author was smitten by the new surroundings. He was like a boy that was given an expensive toy. He could not believe what he saw. Smith had a very realistic view of the New World while the movie version of his character seemed to be a poet allowed to roam free in an enchanted kingdom.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words the John Smith that wrote the book had a clear understanding of what has to be done in order to survive in the New World. On the other hand the John Smith in the film seemed to have an overly optimistic view of the natives. In the movie John Smith fell in love not only with Pocahontas but also the land and its people. The book may have suggested that John Smith respected the natives bu t not to the extent that he wanted to be like them. In the movie John Smith expressed his desire to be like them. He did not say it out loud but he expressed it by describing the superiority of their ways in terms of the absence of jealousy and greed. He was amazed at the way the people share everything that they have. The John Smith who wrote the book had a practical view of the land and the people. The author was well aware that the land and the people can swallow him up and his fellow explorers. He did not have the luxury to become culturally sensitive to the New World. His mind was occupied with only one thought and it was the concept of survival. The book was written from the point of view of Captain John Smith and the English settlers. The movie alternates from the point of view of Pocahontas and John Smith. John Smith saw Virginia and the New World from the perspective of an adventurer. He saw the dangers and the excitement but he was unable to fully explore how the natives s aw the strangers that landed on their shore. The main difference between the movie and the book is on how the director was able to show how two groups of people collided in one location. The Englishmen saw it as some sort of a land of promise. The natives saw it as their home and the intruders are forcing their way into a territory that belonged to the natives for hundreds or even thousands of years. The book uses symbolisms of power. The Englishmen were superior to the natives. The Englishmen points to their armor, guns, mirrors, compass and other evidence of technological prowess and use it to judge the power and value of the natives. In the book the English settlers acted as if they were entitled to everything that they thought they need to live a successful and happy life in the settlements that they had created. The movie uses different forms of symbolisms depending on whose point of view was the focus of the scene. If the movie takes the point of view of Pocahontas then the sy mbolism used is the elements that can be found in nature. In the early part of the movie one can see Pocahontas mimicking the gestures of the wild animals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: The New World and The General Historie of Virginia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This symbolizes freedom and being one with nature. When John Smith was sent as an envoy he was separated from his team and one of the most poignant moments was when he was alone in a swampy area and he was covered in full body armor. However, he was defeated and captured by those who utilized crude technology. This scene symbolizes the fact that the natives had the advantage because they know how to behave in accordance to natural environment. Although Smith had superior arms he could not move freely in knee-deep water. The theme of the book is the chain of events that led to the discovery and colonization of the New World. The theme of the movie is the clash of two cultures. Pocahontas symbolized the culture of the New World while John Smith epitomized the culture of the foreigners. The theme about the clash of culture did not end there because at the latter part of the movie a co-mingling of identities was achieved. The book had a simple unifying theme and it was just an overview of history from the point of view of the conquerors. Conclusion The book and the movie attempted to tell the story of how Englishmen tried to colonize the New World. The book had a simple approach and it was told from the point of view of a historian and settler. The author described the trials and triumphs of an adventurer forced to leave home to seek fame and fortune abroad. But the film was more complex even if it uses few details regarding the character and setting. It is more complex because it explores the same story from two points of view. O’Sullivan, John Edward Keuchel. American Economic History. New York: Ma rkus Wiener Publishing, 1989. Smith, John. The General Historie of Viriginia. MA: Applewood Books, 1624. The New World. Dir. Terence Malick. Perf. Colin Farrell, Q’orianka Kilcher, Christopher Plummer. New Line Cinema, 2005. DVD.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Woodward, Grace. Pocahontas. OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.

Business & Project Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business & Project Creation - Essay Example equently observe a variety of aspects concerned in entering, or not entering, a market, together with the markets structural blockades to entry and the probable response of competitors. Market Analysis can work out a study using a mixture of surveys, focus groups, questionnaires and/or telephone interviews. This before time analysis will make one more conscious of companys strengths and weaknesses and progress chances of gaining an aggressive benefit and increasing market share. The Market Analysis Team has foundation abilities in performing market assessments and public strategy impact assessments using an analysis model. Any cost-effective model — which reproduces a detailed nominal cash flow for fresh products — estimates earnings, cash flows, and debt payment to estimate a projects leveled cost-of-launch, nominal Internal Rate of Return, and annual Debt-Service-Coverage-Ratios. The Market Analysis Team encourages and facilitates greater acceptance of new technologies in the market by functioning with services and other stakeholders to recognize suitable technologies and to deal with system incorporation matters. The Market Analysis Team fosters improved understanding of the role of markets by identifying market barriers and opportunities, and promoting market-based solutions, when possible, to achieve greater development. The Market Analysis Team informs and guides the key conclusion makers in order to optimistically manipulate progress decisions. This contains developing the establishment of nationwide and regional electorates through work with a range of interest groups, and given that support to client and stakeholder groups to widen and execute market-based plans for its products. The Market Analysis Team carries out assessments of the insinuations of industry reorganization for its new products technologies. One has to execute analyses of diverse suggestions for a normal, transmission pricing, and autonomous system operators; as well as analyses

Dual Levers of Success Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dual Levers of Success - Assignment Example The transistors business led to the faster performance and more utility for computers. The business partners created chips, which stored an ever-increasing amount of information, boosted computer memories, and functionality in a cost-effective manner. Â  In chapter two, Michael’s research ideas and programs went down well for the first six months. Thereafter, things changed and new competitors entered the markets and destroyed the business completely. The company’s products that hit the market upon their launch went down drastically (Krames, 2003). Experts predict that if the trend continues at the same pace, in the next six months, the company will be enjoying less than a quarter of the market it has enjoyed in the last one year. In addition, the company has a serious inventory problem due to the demand fall (Krames, 2003). If things do not change, the company will write off more than a million dollars in excess inventory. Â  In chapter five’s article, the company depends entirely on a drug that enjoys 60 percent market share every year. The drug is responsible for 80% profits of the company. All of a sudden, the shares of the drug fall drastically and the company’s stock price plummets to about 50 percent of its previous highs (Krames, 2003). The stock slide changes the CEO’s Company from a hero to a goat. Â  The two professionals in both articles are discussing the competitive market. In chapter two’s article, Michael’s company is threatened by the competitive market after half a year of modernizing his company by a state of the art computer system, which includes a website for the company (Krames, 2003).

The Interviews Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Interviews - Research Paper Example The first step in carrying out qualitative analysis of informal or semi-structured interview data is to read carefully the transcripts while making notations in the margins (Fields, 2008, p. 183-193). These printed copies of interview transcripts are useful for analysis before they can be entered into the database of the software. It is advisable to break the long respondent soliloquies into single paragraphs in order to reflect the transition from one idea to another. In case one is not using a computer software package for analysis, it would be easier to insert line numbers onto every page of the transcripts to help in referencing in the course of the analysis. The second step entails developing the observations into preliminary interpretive and descriptive categories based on evidence that is presented in the transcripts, the conceptual or theoretical framework used in guiding the research, as well as one’s literature review (Fields, 2008,p. 183-193). Observations made in the first step are extended until possibilities and implications are played out in full. It is prudent at this stage or level to examine additional transcripts in order to determine whether the notion expressed is uniform in the remainder of the sample. Here, there is more engagement with the computer software packages for analysis where documents are entered into the system, and a memo written for every one of them. The memos are derived from the researcher’s field notes, as well as any thoughts they have had concerning the respondent since the interview’s date. The third step of analyzing the qualitative data collected from informal, semi-structured interviews consists of a thorough examination of the preliminary codes developed to further review the interview text (Fields, 2008, p. 183-193). This is done in order to develop pattern codes and

History of Dance Essay Example for Free

History of Dance Essay INTRODUCTION: Once upon a time there was dance! In dance there are many forms. There is Ballet, Jazz, Tap, Hip hop, partner dancing, modern, and country and western. Dance originated many, many years ago. People used it to express emotions and stories. As time went on so did new dance techniques. Ballet came into the world around the 15th century Italian Renaissance and it slowly became the backbone for all dancing styles. As Albert Einstein said â€Å"dancers are the athletes of God. † SPEECH: Danced changed throughout the centuries *Centuries* As stated earlier the 15th century was the beginning of Ballet. During the time of both the 15th and 16th centuries ballet was only performed in royal courts where performers would get the audience to participate. Male dancers were the majority of dancers during this time period. To portray women in their performances they wore masks. In the 17th Century King Louis XIV (14th), who also was a dancer, performed in The Sun King ballet de la nuit. Louis XIV also founded Academie Royale de Musique (The Paris Opera. ) Ballet was becoming more theatrical during this time period, and female dancers were becoming the majority of performers. The ballet Les Indes Galantes (the gallant Indies) was the first ballet to feature women. During the 18th century the costumes were very extravagant. These costumes included masks, wigs, corsets, and hoop skirts. All were big and voluptuous. Two rivals, rebels, and amazing dancers at this time were Marie Camargo and Marie Salle. Marie Camargo started dancing in 1726. Because of Camargo’s gracefulness and quickness she ditched the traditional costume by shortening her skirt and wearing slippers to improve her techniques (leaps). Salle who started dancing in 1721, danced in a muslim costume (greek robe like), hair down, and unornamented to express that dance should be natural and expressed. Both dancers opened many new doors in the world of ballet. The 19th century was the time where ballerinas were the most popular performer in Europe. The Romantic Movement evolved during the 19th Century. Which was concerned with the supernatural world of spirits and magic and often portrayed women as passive and fragile. The use of pointe shoes were increased during this time period. Pointe shoes are satin shoes with wooden blocks in the toes to keep dancers on their toes all the time. Each pointe shoe is constructed to the dancer, no two pointe shoes are alike. As dance continued in the centuries it continued to change and flourish. The 20th century was the century where different styles and forms began to break away. Traditional ballet was still there but a more modernized version came into play. In order to move forward from this point you need an understanding of the types and styles there are in ballet *Types and Styles of Ballet*. There are two styles in ballet and they are story and plotless. Story Ballets, obviously, tell a story. Between the music and the dance a story is portrayed. Popular stories told were love stories. Another type of ballet is plotless. In a plotless ballet, no story is portrayed. Instead an image is created and aims to cause emotion. The three styles of ballet include classical, neo- classical, and contemporary. Classical reached its height in the 19th century, when you think of ballet this is the first thing people normally think about. Many graceful and and flowing movements are depicted in this style. Neo-Classical Ballet was introduced in the 20th century. Speed and energy in these dances were increased. In this style classical form was manipulated a lot and the rules for classical were broken. Contemporary Ballet was influenced by the movement of modern dance. Many new moves and techniques were established. Floor work and the turning in of the legs was a major change. There was a greater movement and body line in this style. With the changing of ballet through the centuries and the difference in types and styles, five positions and moves were always constant *ABC’s Of Ballet*. As a dancer, when I think of ballet I immediately think of the five positions. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th. I know, I know not hard to remember. These positions have been around since the start of ballet in the 15th century. This is the grammar of ballet and the classical building blocks. No matter what century, type, or style of ballet these positions are there. Ballet is a whole new world when you think about it. Theres so much information that many people do not know. There is information I don’t even know. Here are some random and fun facts I discovered. Mindless trivia or surprisingly interesting? *Mindless trivia or surprisingly interesting? * A professional male dancer lifts over 1 ? tons worth of ballerinas during performances Most ballerinas go through two to three pairs of pointe shoes a week Tutus cost up to $2,000 to make and take 60 to 90 hours of labor with 100 yards of ruffle First ballet dancers didn’t dance in tutus or satin shoes-more focused on footwork and positioning 3 hour performance is equivalent to 2 90 minute soccer games or running 18 miles (and they say dance isn’t a sport). Pointe shoes add a minimum of 7 inches to a dancer A Prima ballerina can complete 32 fouette turns while staying in the same place. After pointe shoe is HOT to the touch Those are only a pinch of information there is from the world a ballet. CONCLUSION: In conclusion ballet is definitely the backbone to dance. Without its evolution from the 15th Century Italian Renaissance dance would not be where it is now. When you think of ballet don’t think of it as a little thing, ballet is full of history, it even teaches you many things such as gracefulness, poise, stamina, discipline, and lots of technique. Dancers all around the world are connected to one thing and that is ballet. â€Å"I dance because there is no greater feeling in the world than moving to a piece of music and letting the rest of the world disappear† Unknown You lose yourself and find yourself THANK YOU.

Measuring Partition Coefficient

Measuring Partition Coefficient Abstract This Laboratory study deals with the Analytical Procedure of the Measurement of Partition Coefficient. Partition Coefficient is a very important criterion for Organic substances. It finds use in Pharmaceutical Industry, Pollution abatement systems, Agro Chemicals, and Chemical Industry. There are many methods available for determining the Partition Coefficient, especially Instrument methods like, Chromatography, Electrophoresis etc. The method adopted here is a simple, reliable and versatile one, which utilizes basic principles of Chemical Analysis. The method used was by measurement of pH and Colorimetric determination of the organic Ligand. The process used for partitioning was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Shaking Flask methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The given sample was diluted and buffered appropriately and an aliquot was partitioned with an equal quantity of the given oil. The pH of the aqueous phase was measured. The clear aqueous solution was further diluted appropriately and used for Colorimetric estimation using a Calibration graph prepared. These data were used for computation of apparent Partition coefficient and then true Partition coefficient. Measuring Partition Coefficient Chemistry is a material Science, dealing with the study of Physical and Chemical properties of the matter found in the universe. There are many disciplines in Chemistry dealing with different materials and properties, like Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry etc. The Analytical Chemistry is a special branch of Chemistry dealing with the determination of Chemicals, quantity wise and quality wise. The Analytical Chemistry uses the knowledge available in other branches of Chemistry, like Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and many principles of Physics. The uses and applications of Analytical Chemistry are wide, and practically, in every aspects of human life, analytical Chemistry is involved in some way or other, say, in Clinical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Forensic Chemistry, in commerce, in Customs Department and so on. The measurement of Partition Coefficient is a typical analyti cal procedure using many theoretical principles of various branches of Chemistry. It denotes the differential amounts of the substances found at equilibrium conditions in the organic phase and the aqueous phase for a set of conditions like Concentration, pH, Temperature etc. This Lab study aims at and involves, in addition to learning partitioning technique, Electro Chemical application the pH measurement, colorimetric measurement, computational techniques, and Calculation procedures. The partition coefficient study assumes significance, because it finds use in Pharmaceutical Chemistry for drug design, development, and delivery, Pesticide design, soil Chemistry, designing of Chemical Plants by Chemical Engineers, and also for Chemists and Scientists working on Liquid Liquid Equilibrium data. METHODS Sample preparation: Sodium salicylate solution of 0.2 gram mol per liter (mol) was taken for this study. From this stock standard solution four Test samples, named A to D, were prepared. 10 ml of 0.2 mol standard solution was pipetted into each of the four 100 ml volumetric flasks marked A to D and diluted to the mark with four buffer solutions of different pH, and mixed thoroughly. So the concentration of the resultant diluted samples was 0.02 mol each. Partitioning: Aliquots of 25 ml of the above diluted samples, 4 Nos, were taken in 4 separating funnels. Then, 25 ml of the given oil was added in each of the 4 separating funnels, marked A to D, and mixed thoroughly and gently by inverting and rotating for 10 minutes. Then the mixture in the separating funnels were allowed to settle thoroughly. After the aqueous and organic layers became clear, the aqueous layers of the four separating funnels were drained into four glass beakers marked A to D. pH measurement of aqueous phase : The pH of the four partitioned aqueous samples were measured using a pH meter. Determination of Salicylate concentration in the Aqueous phase: For determining the Salicylate concentration, Colorimetric method was adopted where the absorbance of the Iron- Salicylate complex was measured. The procedure adopted for developing the standard and test samples is given below. Preparation of Standard color Solutions: Four different Standard solutions of Sodium Salicylate, namely, 0.00125mol, 0.0025 mol, 0.00375 mol and 0.005mol were prepared along with a blank. Five test tubes were taken. The first one was marked as 1 (Blank), and the others as 2,3,4, and 5. To the blank, 1 ml of water was added, and in the others, one ml each of the prepared standards were added. Then 2 ml of the given Ferric Nitrate was added to all the test tubes. Then 5 ml of water was added into all the five test tubes. All the test tubes were shaken gently to mix the contents thoroughly and waited for some time for the complete development of the color. The five solutions represented 0.0000 mol, 0.00125mol, 0.0025 mol, and 0.00375 mol and 0.005mol Salicylic acid concentration respectively. Preparation of Calibration Graph: The Colorimeter (Spectrophotometer) was set at the wave length of 624 nm. Placed the blank in the cuvete in the colorimeter and adjusted the absorbance as zero. Then the other standard solutions were placed one by one and noted the absorbance readings. Calibration Graph was plotted, plotting concentration of salicylic acid in X axis and Absorbance at the y axis. Preparation of Test samples: 10 ml of each of the four Partitioned aqueous layers were diluted with water to 50 ml, thus making a diluted sample. From these, 1 ml solution each were placed in four test tubes, marked A, B, C, D. Then, 2 ml ferric Nitrate and 5 ml water were added in all the four test tubes and treated similar to the Standard tubes. Measurement of Salicylic acid concentration of the test samples: The absorbance of all the four test samples were measured similar to the standards. The Salicylic acid concentration of the test samples were arrived from the Calibration graph. The concentration arrived was of the diluted samples. So the concentration of the partitioned aqueous phase was multiplied 5 times to get the concentration of the salicylic acid. This gives the Cw , i.e., the concentration of the salicylic acid in the partitioned aqueous solution. Determination of CO: The Cw was subtracted from the concentration of the buffered solution, i.e., 0.02 mol, to get the CO. Determination of Hydrogen Ion concentration: From the pH of the four partitioned aqueous solutions, Hydrogen Ion concentrations were calculated. CALCULATIONS Step 1. Calculation of H+ and 1/H+ from the pH Model calculation for Experiment A; pH = 2.35. pH is the negative logarithm to base 10 of Hydrogen ion concentration. So Hydrogen ion concentration is the antilog of 2.35= 0.00447 Reciprocal of Hydrogen ion concentration = 1/H+ =1/0.00447 = 223.9 Similarly H+ and 1/H+ are calculated for other experiments and tabulated below. Experiment pH of the buffer added Resultant pH [H+] 1 / [H+] A 2.0 2.35 0.00447 223.9 B 2.8 3.22 0.000603 1660 C 3.3 3.85 0.000141 7079 D 4.0 4.02 0.0000955 10471 Step 2a. Calculation of the concentration of salicylate added to each separating funnel: The salicylic acid concentration of the sample taken = 0.2 gm. mol/Liter. 10 ml of this solution was diluted with buffer to 100 ml. So the concentration of the diluted solutions, added to each separating funnel, taken for the Partition experiment were 0.210/100 = 0.02 gm mol/L each. Step 2b. Calculation of Cw and Co: The partitioned concentration of salicylic acid in water and oil, denoted by [S (aq)] and [S (org)] are Cw and Co in the formula respectively. 25 ml of the Solution A ( 0.02 gm mol Sodium Salicylate, buffered with buffer of 2.0 pH) was partitioned with 25 ml of oil. After separation of the phases, the pH was measured in the aqueous phase. Then the aqueous phase was diluted five fold for colorimetric estimation. The absorbance obtained for experiment A was 0.065 and the corresponding concentration obtained for experiment A from the calibration graph = 0.00054. So the concentration of this undiluted Partitioned aqueous solution, [S(aq)] , is five times of the value determined calorimetrically = 0.00054x 5 = 0.0027. This is CW The concentration of salicylic acid in the organic phase is the concentration of the diluted solution taken for the Partition experiment, minus concentration of the undiluted Partitioned aqueous solution, i.e. CO = (0.02- CW) = (0.02 -0.0027) = 0.0173gm mol/L. Apparent partition coefficient P = CO / CW = 0.0173/0.0027 = 6.4 1/P = 1/6.4=0.156 CW, CO, P and 1/P for other experiments were also calculated like wise and tabulated below. The calibration graph of this study is attached separately. Exp Absorbance Salicylate Concentration in aqueous phase of the diluted aliquot, from calibration Graph Salicylate Concentration in aqueous phase the undiluted aliquot, CW i.e. ([S(aq)] ) Salicylate Concentration in Organic phase CO i.e. ([S(org)] ) = 0.02- S(aq) A 0.065 0.00054 0.0027 0.0173 B 0.138 0.00116 0.0058 0.0142 C 0.221 0.00218 0.0109 0.0091 D 0.267 0.0025 0.0125 0.0075 Calculation of P and 1/P Exp [S(aq)] i.e. CW [S(org)] i.e. CO P = (CO / CW ) 1/P A 0.0027 0.0173 6.4 0.156 B 0.0058 0.0142 2.45 0.408 C 0.0109 0.0091 0.83 1.200 D 0.0125 0.0075 0.6 1.667 Step 3. Preparation of 1/H+ vs. 1/P Graph and Calculation of P and Ka: A graph was plotted with 1/H+ in X axis and 1/P in Y axis. The slope, Ka/P was estimated from the graph = 0.0001518. The intercept, 1/P, was at 0.13, and hence, P = 1/0.13 = 7.69. Ka = (Ka/P) x P = 0.0001518 x 7.69 = 0.001167; pKa = log of 0.001167 = 2.93 DISCUSSION The study results show a definite trend of higher ingress of the organic acid, i.e., Salicylic acid, into the organic layer at a lower pH and vice versa. This is in accordance with the theory, which implies, at a lower pH, the H+ ion concentration will be higher, which will in effect enhance association of the ions, R- + H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ RH, to form unionized molecule that can enter the organic phase. So the unionized acid will be predominantly in the organic layer. At higher pH, the H+ ions will be low and there will be the tendency of the acid to ionize in the aqueous phase, RH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R- + H+ , thus preventing the acid to enter the organic phase. So the ionized acid ion will be predominantly in the aqueous layer. This is established in this experiment; CO, the concentration of salicylic acid in organic phase is highest, 0.0173mol, in Experiment A, where the pH is the lowest, 2.35 ; and lowest, 0.0075 mol, in Experiment D where the pH is the highest ,4.02. Consequ ently the Apparent Partition coefficient P which is the ratio of CO / CW is highest in Experiment A and lowest in Experiment D. This shows, the pH of the solutions affect the partitioning. The accuracy of the study depends both on the accuracy of pH measurement and the measurement of absorbance. The linearity of the graph- 1/H+ vs. 1/P depends on both the measurements. But the curve was not perfectly linear as expected. The potential sources of errors . While carrying out the Chemical Analysis, one has to be aware of the potential sources of errors. Alexeyev (p 48) classifies the errors in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as Systematic errors, random errors and mistakes. The systematic errors are: errors of the method, errors of apparatus reagents, and Operative errors. Random errors do happen during any analysis and one has to be vigilant and careful to avoid them. Mistakes are crude errors caused by careless noting of the readings in the instruments, parallax error, improper labeling of the various test samples ending with confusion while tabulating the readings etc. The possible systematic errors in this study are: errors of the method, say non uniform pH among the four test in the colorimetric estimation. Lyalikov.Y (p 40) warns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“many colored compounds are sensitive to Hydrogen Ion concentrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Changes in pH not only affects extinction, but change spectrophotometer curve of the substance as wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Lyalikov.Y (41). The calibration curve obtained is not straight as expected, showing the colored complex did not obey Beer Lambert Law, which states, absorbance is proportional to molar extinction coefficient, ÃŽÂ µ, depth of the solution layer, L, and concentration, C. (A=ÃŽÂ µ x L x C). It was expected at least to be a smooth curve of a definite pattern . But the curve is not very smooth indicating some error, may be varying final pH of the colored solutions. Possible errors of apparatus: leaking separating funnel. Possible errors of reagents: accuracy of the buffers. Operative errors: Possible non uniform mixing during partitioning, incorrect and non uniform draining from pipettes. It was expected that the curves of Calibration graph and that of 1/H+ vs. 1/P to be straight lines. But they are not straight as expected. The reason may be due to some or a combination of the above cited errors. Comparison of the result with Literature : The literature value for Ka of salicylic acid as given by Harris, Daniel. C. (p 183) is Ka = 1.07 x 10 ¯3. The result obtained in this Lab study is 0.001167. This is higher than the value reported in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative Chemical Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by about 9% The phenomenon of partitioning: The chemical substances exhibit different solubility in different solvents. Solvents may be classified into two groups, Aqueous and Non aqueous, in other words polar and non polar. Similarly the chemicals may be classified as Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic. Hydrophobic substances can also be termed as Lipophilic. A hydrophilic substance will easily dissolve in an aqueous solvent and a hydrophobic (Lipophilic) substance will easily dissolve in non aqueous (Organic) solvent. If a substance is in contact with both the Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Solvents, the substance will get distributed in both the solvents and the proportion of distribution will be according to the nature of the substance with respect to its Hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature and this property is termed as the Partition coefficient. Partition coefficient finds application in Pharmaceutical industry, agrochemical Industry, Pollution studies and for designing of Chemical Process by Chemical Engineers. Drugs are meant to be ingressed into human body. The partition coefficient finds use in drug design, as it is a measure of the hydrophobicity of the drug concerned. If the partition coefficient is high, it denotes high hydrophobicity ( high lipophilicity) and such a drug will easily enter the lipid regions of the organs and stay for longer time and hence may prove toxic. On the other hand a low Partition coefficient denotes a hydrophilic nature and hence the drug will stay longer in the aqueous regions blood stream and will not readily ingress into the tissues. So the absorption, excretion and penetration of the drugs into the body organs are related to the Log P value of a drug. An intermediate Partition coefficient is preferred while designing the drugs by the Pharmacologists. Earll. Mark enumerates the optimum Partition Coefficient, as Log P, for different types of drug applications. Optimum CNS penetration around Log P = 2 +/- 0.7 (Hansch) Optimum Oral absorption around Log P = 1.8 Optimum Intestinal absorption Log P =1.35 Optimum Colonic absorption Log P = 1.32 Optimum Sub lingual absorption Log P = 5.5 Optimum Percutaneous Log P = 2.6 ( low mw) The drug has to be designed accordingly for each of the application. The Formulation and dosing forms, as given by Earll. Mark: Low Log P (below 0) Injectable Medium (0-3) Oral High (3-4) Transdermal Very High (4-7) Toxic build up in fatty tissues The drug has to go into human body through different routes, say, mouth, skin, Blood etc all having different pH. So the drug has to be designed taking into consideration of the effect of pH. Mark Earll gives the pH of the various parts of the body: Stomach 2, Kidneys 4.2 (variable), Small Intestine: Fed 5.0 Fasted 6.8, Duodenal Mucus 5.5, Plasma 7.4. According to Chemie.DE information service GMBH, The Hydrophobic drugs are preferentially distributed to hydrophobic compartments such as lipid bilayers of cells while hydrophilic drugs preferentially are found in hydrophilic compartments such as blood serum. The Partition coefficient of the drug determines the Absorption. Distribution, Metabolism and excretion of the drugs. When a drug is admitted orally, it passes through the alimentary canal and has to be absorbed through the lipid layers of the epithelial membrane of the small intestine. So the drug should be sufficiently Lipophilic as to pass through the lipid layers. At the same time it should not be too lipophilic, otherwise, it will stay permanently in the epithelial calls and will not enter the blood stream for transport to the required location. Similarly the drug has to be metabolized and excreted after its function is over. This also depends on the Hydrophobicity. Similarly the other forms of drug administration are also need to be studied in this aspect. So control of the Hydrophobicity (lipophilicity) while developing the drug is important. Here is the use of Partition coefficient measurement, which is a measure of the hydrophobicity. Partition coefficients find use in designing pesticides. One has to design the insecticide in such a way it has got a very high partition coefficient , i.e. , having high hydrophobicity, rather high lipophilic tendency, so that the insecticide easily penetrates into the organisms and stay permanently causing high toxicity, thus proving its efficacy in killing the pests. But, the adverse consequence is, the pollution aspect, vide Chemie.DE information service GMBH. In partition studies, Octanol/ water system is normally used. Earll. Mark states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Octanol was chosen as a simple model of a phospholipid membrane; however it has shown serious shortcomings in predicting Blood-brain barrier or skin penetrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Berthold says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The most needed liquid- liquid partition coefficient is the octanol-water partition coefficient. Ko/w is accepted as a good reference parameter for solute hydrophobicity. Indeed, Ko/w can be rapidly estimated using capillary electrophoresis with a micellar or micro emulsion solution and/or RPLCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Leahy, Taylor and Wait of ICI have proposed, in addition to octanol, chloroform, cyclohexane and propylene glycol dipelargonate (PGDP) for modeling biological membranes, notes Earll. Mark. For determining the Partition Coefficient, there are many other Instrumental methods, like, HPLC. Paper Chromatography, Thin layer chromatography and Electrophoresis. Berthod. A and Carda-Broch. S. enumerates the various analytical Techniques. They are: Shake-flask method, HPLC method, Micro emulsion electro kinetic capillary electrophoresis, Counter-current chromatography (CCC), Co current CCC, Micellar electro kinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), Micro emulsion electro kinetic capillary chromatography (MEEKC) References Alexeyev, V. (1969). Quantitative Analysis. Moscow: Mir Publishers. Berthod.A, Carda-Broch.S (2004) Determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients by separation methods. Journal of Chromatography A, 1037 3-14 Chemie.DE information service. GMBH. Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Partition coefficient, Retrieved January 28, 2010, from http://www.chemie.de/lexikon/e/Partition_coefficient Earll, Mark. A guide to Log P and pKa measurements and their use. Retrieved January 28, 2010, from www.raell.demon.co.uk/chem/logp/logppka.htm Harris, Daniel C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Google Books. Lyalikov, Y. (1968). Physicochemical Analysis. Moscow: Mir Publishers.